module matrix_4d;

import Math = math;
import MemUtil = mem_util;

import matrix_3d;
import matrix_4x3d;
import matrix_3x2d;

import vector_2d;
import vector_3d;
import vector_4d;

import axis_angle_4d;
import quaternion_d;

/*
 * The MIT License
 $!#@$@ Translated by jordan4ibanez
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2015-2021 Richard Greenlees
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */

/**
 * Contains the definition of a 4x4 Matrix of doubles, and associated functions to transform
 * it. The matrix is column-major to match OpenGL's interpretation, and it looks like this:
 * <p>
 *      m00  m10  m20  m30<br>
 *      m01  m11  m21  m31<br>
 *      m02  m12  m22  m32<br>
 *      m03  m13  m23  m33<br>
 * 
 * @author Richard Greenlees
 * @author Kai Burjack
 */



struct Matrix4d {

    double m00 = 1.0;
    double m01 = 0.0;
    double m02 = 0.0;
    double m03 = 0.0;

    double m10 = 0.0;
    double m11 = 1.0;
    double m12 = 0.0;
    double m13 = 0.0;

    double m20 = 0.0;
    double m21 = 0.0;
    double m22 = 1.0;
    double m23 = 0.0;

    double m30 = 0.0;
    double m31 = 0.0;
    double m32 = 0.0;
    double m33 = 1.0;

   /**

    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumPlane(int, Vector4d)}
    * identifying the plane with equation <code>x=-1</code> when using the identity matrix.  
    */
    static immutable int PLANE_NX = 0;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumPlane(int, Vector4d)}
    * identifying the plane with equation <code>x=1</code> when using the identity matrix.  
    */
    static immutable int PLANE_PX = 1;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumPlane(int, Vector4d)}
    * identifying the plane with equation <code>y=-1</code> when using the identity matrix.  
    */
    static immutable int PLANE_NY = 2;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumPlane(int, Vector4d)}
    * identifying the plane with equation <code>y=1</code> when using the identity matrix.  
    */
    static immutable int PLANE_PY = 3;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumPlane(int, Vector4d)}
    * identifying the plane with equation <code>z=-1</code> when using the identity matrix.  
    */
    static immutable int PLANE_NZ = 4;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumPlane(int, Vector4d)}
    * identifying the plane with equation <code>z=1</code> when using the identity matrix.  
    */
    static immutable int PLANE_PZ = 5;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(-1, -1, -1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_NXNYNZ = 0;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(1, -1, -1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_PXNYNZ = 1;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(1, 1, -1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_PXPYNZ = 2;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(-1, 1, -1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_NXPYNZ = 3;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(1, -1, 1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_PXNYPZ = 4;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(-1, -1, 1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_NXNYPZ = 5;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(-1, 1, 1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_NXPYPZ = 6;
    /**
    * Argument to the first parameter of {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
    * identifying the corner <code>(1, 1, 1)</code> when using the identity matrix.
    */
    static immutable int CORNER_PXPYPZ = 7;

    /**
    * Bit returned by {@link #properties()} to indicate that the matrix represents a perspective transformation.
    */
    static immutable byte PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE = 1<<0;
    /**
    * Bit returned by {@link #properties()} to indicate that the matrix represents an affine transformation.
    */
    static immutable byte PROPERTY_AFFINE = 1<<1;
    /**
    * Bit returned by {@link #properties()} to indicate that the matrix represents the identity transformation.
    */
    static immutable byte PROPERTY_IDENTITY = 1<<2;
    /**
    * Bit returned by {@link #properties()} to indicate that the matrix represents a pure translation transformation.
    */
    static immutable byte PROPERTY_TRANSLATION = 1<<3;
    /**
    * Bit returned by {@link #properties()} to indicate that the upper-left 3x3 submatrix represents an orthogonal
    * matrix (i.e. orthonormal basis). For practical reasons, this property also always implies 
    * {@link #PROPERTY_AFFINE} in this implementation.
    */
    static immutable byte PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL = 1<<4;



    int properties = PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;

    /**
     * Create a new {@link Matrix4d} and make it a copy of the given matrix.
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix4d} to copy the values from
     */
    this(Matrix4d mat) {
        set(mat);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new {@link Matrix4d} and set its upper 4x3 submatrix to the given matrix <code>mat</code>
     * and all other elements to identity.
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix4x3d} to copy the values from
     */
    this(Matrix4x3d mat) {
        set(mat);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new {@link Matrix4d} by setting its uppper left 3x3 submatrix to the values of the given {@link Matrix3d}
     * and the rest to identity.
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix3d}
     */
    this(Matrix3d mat) {
        set(mat);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new 4x4 matrix using the supplied double values.
     * <p>
     * The matrix layout will be:<br><br>
     *   m00, m10, m20, m30<br>
     *   m01, m11, m21, m31<br>
     *   m02, m12, m22, m32<br>
     *   m03, m13, m23, m33
     * 
     * @param m00
     *          the value of m00
     * @param m01
     *          the value of m01
     * @param m02
     *          the value of m02
     * @param m03
     *          the value of m03
     * @param m10
     *          the value of m10
     * @param m11
     *          the value of m11
     * @param m12
     *          the value of m12
     * @param m13
     *          the value of m13
     * @param m20
     *          the value of m20
     * @param m21
     *          the value of m21
     * @param m22
     *          the value of m22
     * @param m23
     *          the value of m23
     * @param m30
     *          the value of m30
     * @param m31
     *          the value of m31
     * @param m32
     *          the value of m32
     * @param m33
     *          the value of m33
     */
    this(double m00, double m01, double m02, double m03,
                    double m10, double m11, double m12, double m13, 
                    double m20, double m21, double m22, double m23, 
                    double m30, double m31, double m32, double m33) {
        setm00(m00);
        setm01(m01);
        setm02(m02);
        setm03(m03);
        setm10(m10);
        setm11(m11);
        setm12(m12);
        setm13(m13);
        setm20(m20);
        setm21(m21);
        setm22(m22);
        setm23(m23);
        setm30(m30);
        setm31(m31);
        setm32(m32);
        setm33(m33);
        determineProperties();
    }

    /**
     * Create a new {@link Matrix4d} and initialize its four columns using the supplied vectors.
     * 
     * @param col0
     *          the first column
     * @param col1
     *          the second column
     * @param col2
     *          the third column
     * @param col3
     *          the fourth column
     */
    this(ref Vector4d col0, Vector4d col1, Vector4d col2, Vector4d col3) {
        set(col0, col1, col2, col3);
    }

    /**
     * Assume the given properties about this matrix.
     * <p>
     * Use one or multiple of 0, {@link Matrix4d#PROPERTY_IDENTITY},
     * {@link Matrix4d#PROPERTY_TRANSLATION}, {@link Matrix4d#PROPERTY_AFFINE},
     * {@link Matrix4d#PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE}, {@link Matrix4fc#PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL}.
     * 
     * @param properties
     *          bitset of the properties to assume about this matrix
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d assume(int properties) return {
        this.properties = cast(byte) properties;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute and set the matrix properties returned by {@link #properties()} based
     * on the current matrix element values.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d determineProperties() return {
        int __properties = 0;
        if (m03 == 0.0 && m13 == 0.0) {
            if (m23 == 0.0 && m33 == 1.0) {
                __properties |= PROPERTY_AFFINE;
                if (m00 == 1.0 && m01 == 0.0 && m02 == 0.0 && m10 == 0.0 && m11 == 1.0 && m12 == 0.0 && m20 == 0.0
                        && m21 == 0.0 && m22 == 1.0) {
                    __properties |= PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
                    if (m30 == 0.0 && m31 == 0.0 && m32 == 0.0)
                        __properties |= PROPERTY_IDENTITY;
                }
                /* 
                 * We do not determine orthogonality, since it would require arbitrary epsilons
                 * and is rather expensive (6 dot products) in the worst case.
                 */
            } else if (m01 == 0.0 && m02 == 0.0 && m10 == 0.0 && m12 == 0.0 && m20 == 0.0 && m21 == 0.0 && m30 == 0.0
                    && m31 == 0.0 && m33 == 0.0) {
                __properties |= PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE;
            }
        }
        this.properties = __properties;
        return this;
    }

    public int getProperties() {
        return this.properties;
    }

    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 0.
     * 
     * @param m00
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm00(double m00) return {
        this.m00 = m00;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m00 != 1.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 1.
     * 
     * @param m01
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm01(double m01) return {
        this.m01 = m01;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m01 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 2.
     * 
     * @param m02
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm02(double m02) return {
        this.m02 = m02;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m02 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 3.
     * 
     * @param m03
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm03(double m03) return {
        this.m03 = m03;
        if (m03 != 0.0)
            properties = 0;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 0.
     * 
     * @param m10
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm10(double m10) return {
        this.m10 = m10;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m10 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 1.
     * 
     * @param m11
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm11(double m11) return {
        this.m11 = m11;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m11 != 1.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 2.
     * 
     * @param m12
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm12(double m12) return {
        this.m12 = m12;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m12 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 3.
     * 
     * @param m13
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm13(double m13) return {
        this.m13 = m13;
        if (m03 != 0.0)
            properties = 0;
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 0.
     * 
     * @param m20
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm20(double m20) return {
        this.m20 = m20;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m20 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 1.
     * 
     * @param m21
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm21(double m21) return {
        this.m21 = m21;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m21 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 2.
     * 
     * @param m22
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm22(double m22) return {
        this.m22 = m22;
        properties &= ~PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        if (m22 != 1.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 3.
     * 
     * @param m23
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm23(double m23) return {
        this.m23 = m23;
        if (m23 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 0.
     * 
     * @param m30
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm30(double m30) return {
        this.m30 = m30;
        if (m30 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 1.
     * 
     * @param m31
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm31(double m31) return {
        this.m31 = m31;
        if (m31 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 2.
     * 
     * @param m32
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm32(double m32) return {
        this.m32 = m32;
        if (m32 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 3.
     * 
     * @param m33
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setm33(double m33) return {
        this.m33 = m33;
        if (m33 != 0.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE);
        if (m33 != 1.0)
            properties &= ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL | PROPERTY_AFFINE);
        return this;
    }

    ref Matrix4d _properties(int properties) return {
        this.properties = properties;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 0 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m00
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m00(double m00) return {
        setm00(m00);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 1 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m01
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m01(double m01) return {
        setm01(m01);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 2 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m02
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m02(double m02) return {
        setm02(m02);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 0 and row 3 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m03
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m03(double m03) return {
        setm03(m03);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 0 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m10
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m10(double m10) return {
        setm10(m10);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 1 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m11
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m11(double m11) return {
        setm11(m11);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 2 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m12
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m12(double m12) return {
        setm12(m12);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 1 and row 3 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m13
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m13(double m13) return {
        setm13(m13);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 0 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m20
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m20(double m20) return {
        setm20(m20);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 1 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m21
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m21(double m21) return {
        setm21(m21);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 2 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m22
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m22(double m22) return {
        setm22(m22);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 2 and row 3 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m23
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m23(double m23) return {
        setm23(m23);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 0 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m30
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m30(double m30) return {
        setm30(m30);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 1 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m31
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m31(double m31) return {
        setm31(m31);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 2 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m32
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m32(double m32) return {
        setm32(m32);
        return this;
    }
    /**
     * Set the value of the matrix element at column 3 and row 3 without updating the properties of the matrix.
     * 
     * @param m33
     *          the new value
     * @return this
     */
    ref Matrix4d _m33(double m33) return {
        setm33(m33);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Reset this matrix to the identity.
     * <p>
     * Please note that if a call to {@link #identity()} is immediately followed by a call to:
     * {@link #translate(double, double, double) translate}, 
     * {@link #rotate(double, double, double, double) rotate},
     * {@link #scale(double, double, double) scale},
     * {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double) perspective},
     * {@link #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) frustum},
     * {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double) ortho},
     * {@link #ortho2D(double, double, double, double) ortho2D},
     * {@link #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAt},
     * {@link #lookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAlong},
     * or any of their overloads, then the call to {@link #identity()} can be omitted and the subsequent call replaced with:
     * {@link #translation(double, double, double) translation},
     * {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation},
     * {@link #scaling(double, double, double) scaling},
     * {@link #setPerspective(double, double, double, double) setPerspective},
     * {@link #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) setFrustum},
     * {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrtho},
     * {@link #setOrtho2D(double, double, double, double) setOrtho2D},
     * {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAt},
     * {@link #setLookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAlong},
     * or any of their overloads.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d identity() return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return this;
        _identity();
        properties = PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }
    private void _identity() {
        _m00(1.0).
        _m10(0.0).
        _m20(0.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m01(0.0).
        _m11(1.0).
        _m21(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m02(0.0).
        _m12(0.0).
        _m22(1.0).
        _m32(0.0).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m33(1.0);
    }

    /**
     * Store the values of the given matrix <code>m</code> into <code>this</code> matrix.
     * 
     * @see #Matrix4d(Matrix4d)
     * @see #get(Matrix4d)
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the matrix to copy the values from
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(Matrix4d m) return {
        return
        _m00(m.m00).
        _m01(m.m01).
        _m02(m.m02).
        _m03(m.m03).
        _m10(m.m10).
        _m11(m.m11).
        _m12(m.m12).
        _m13(m.m13).
        _m20(m.m20).
        _m21(m.m21).
        _m22(m.m22).
        _m23(m.m23).
        _m30(m.m30).
        _m31(m.m31).
        _m32(m.m32).
        _m33(m.m33).
        _properties(m.properties);
    }


    /**
     * Store the values of the transpose of the given matrix <code>m</code> into <code>this</code> matrix.
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the matrix to copy the transposed values from
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setTransposed(Matrix4d m) return {
        if ((m.properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return this.identity();
        return setTransposedInternal(m);
    }
    ref private Matrix4d setTransposedInternal(Matrix4d m) return {
        double nm10 = m.m01, nm12 = m.m21, nm13 = m.m31;
        double nm20 = m.m02, nm21 = m.m12, nm30 = m.m03;
        double nm31 = m.m13, nm32 = m.m23;
        return this
        ._m00(m.m00)._m01(m.m10)._m02(m.m20)._m03(m.m30)
        ._m10(nm10)._m11(m.m11)._m12(nm12)._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)._m21(nm21)._m22(m.m22)._m23(m.m32)
        ._m30(nm30)._m31(nm31)._m32(nm32)._m33(m.m33)
        ._properties(m.properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY);
    }

    /**
     * Store the values of the given matrix <code>m</code> into <code>this</code> matrix
     * and set the other matrix elements to identity.
     * 
     * @see #Matrix4d(Matrix4x3d)
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the matrix to copy the values from
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(Matrix4x3d m) return {
        return
        _m00(m.m00).
        _m01(m.m01).
        _m02(m.m02).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(m.m10).
        _m11(m.m11).
        _m12(m.m12).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(m.m20).
        _m21(m.m21).
        _m22(m.m22).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(m.m30).
        _m31(m.m31).
        _m32(m.m32).
        _m33(1.0).
        _properties(m.properties | PROPERTY_AFFINE);
    }

   
    /**
     * Set the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this {@link Matrix4d} to the given {@link Matrix3d} 
     * and the rest to identity.
     * 
     * @see #Matrix4d(Matrix3d)
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix3d}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(Matrix3d mat) return {
        return
        _m00(mat.m00).
        _m01(mat.m01).
        _m02(mat.m02).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(mat.m10).
        _m11(mat.m11).
        _m12(mat.m12).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(mat.m20).
        _m21(mat.m21).
        _m22(mat.m22).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m32(0.0).
        _m33(1.0).
        _properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE);
    }

    /**
     * Set the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this {@link Matrix4d} to that of the given {@link Matrix4d} 
     * and don't change the other elements.
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix4d}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set3x3(Matrix4d mat) return {
        return
        _m00(mat.m00).
        _m01(mat.m01).
        _m02(mat.m02).
        _m10(mat.m10).
        _m11(mat.m11).
        _m12(mat.m12).
        _m20(mat.m20).
        _m21(mat.m21).
        _m22(mat.m22).
        _properties(properties & mat.properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE));
    }

    /**
     * Set the upper 4x3 submatrix of this {@link Matrix4d} to the given {@link Matrix4x3d} 
     * and don't change the other elements.
     * 
     * @see Matrix4x3d#get(Matrix4d)
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix4x3d}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set4x3(Matrix4x3d mat) return {
        return
        _m00(mat.m00).
        _m01(mat.m01).
        _m02(mat.m02).
        _m10(mat.m10).
        _m11(mat.m11).
        _m12(mat.m12).
        _m20(mat.m20).
        _m21(mat.m21).
        _m22(mat.m22).
        _m30(mat.m30).
        _m31(mat.m31).
        _m32(mat.m32).
        _properties(properties & mat.properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE));
    }


    /**
     * Set the upper 4x3 submatrix of this {@link Matrix4d} to the upper 4x3 submatrix of the given {@link Matrix4d} 
     * and don't change the other elements.
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the {@link Matrix4d}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set4x3(Matrix4d mat) return {
        return
        _m00(mat.m00).
        _m01(mat.m01).
        _m02(mat.m02).
        _m10(mat.m10).
        _m11(mat.m11).
        _m12(mat.m12).
        _m20(mat.m20).
        _m21(mat.m21).
        _m22(mat.m22).
        _m30(mat.m30).
        _m31(mat.m31).
        _m32(mat.m32).
        _properties(properties & mat.properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE));
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be equivalent to the rotation specified by the given {@link AxisAngle4d}.
     * 
     * @param axisAngle
     *          the {@link AxisAngle4d}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(ref AxisAngle4d axisAngle) return {
        double x = axisAngle.x;
        double y = axisAngle.y;
        double z = axisAngle.z;
        double angle = axisAngle.angle;
        double invLength = Math.invsqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z);
        x *= invLength;
        y *= invLength;
        z *= invLength;
        double s = Math.sin(angle);
        double c = Math.cosFromSin(s, angle);
        double omc = 1.0 - c;
        _m00(c + x*x*omc).
        _m11(c + y*y*omc).
        _m22(c + z*z*omc);
        double tmp1 = x*y*omc;
        double tmp2 = z*s;
        _m10(tmp1 - tmp2).
        _m01(tmp1 + tmp2);
        tmp1 = x*z*omc;
        tmp2 = y*s;
        _m20(tmp1 + tmp2).
        _m02(tmp1 - tmp2);
        tmp1 = y*z*omc;
        tmp2 = x*s;
        _m21(tmp1 - tmp2).
        _m12(tmp1 + tmp2).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m32(0.0).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }


    /**
     * Set this matrix to be equivalent to the rotation - and possibly scaling - specified by the given {@link Quaterniond}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotation(q)</code>
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/geometry/rotations/conversions/quaternionToMatrix/">http://www.euclideanspace.com/</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param q
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(ref Quaterniond q) return {
        return rotation(q);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>right</code> matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param right
     *          the right operand of the multiplication
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul(Matrix4d right) return {
        mul(right, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mul(Matrix4d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(right);
        else if ((right.properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(this);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0 && (right.properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulTranslationAffine(right, dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0 && (right.properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulAffine(right, dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE) != 0 && (right.properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulPerspectiveAffine(right, dest);
        else if ((right.properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulAffineR(right, dest);
        return mul0(right, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>right</code> matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method neither assumes nor checks for any matrix properties of <code>this</code> or <code>right</code>
     * and will always perform a complete 4x4 matrix multiplication. This method should only be used whenever the
     * multiplied matrices do not have any properties for which there are optimized multiplication methods available.
     * 
     * @param right
     *          the right operand of the matrix multiplication
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul0(Matrix4d right) return {
       mul0(right, this);
       return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mul0(Matrix4d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(m00, right.m00, Math.fma(m10, right.m01, Math.fma(m20, right.m02, m30 * right.m03)));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(m01, right.m00, Math.fma(m11, right.m01, Math.fma(m21, right.m02, m31 * right.m03)));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(m02, right.m00, Math.fma(m12, right.m01, Math.fma(m22, right.m02, m32 * right.m03)));
        double nm03 = Math.fma(m03, right.m00, Math.fma(m13, right.m01, Math.fma(m23, right.m02, m33 * right.m03)));
        double nm10 = Math.fma(m00, right.m10, Math.fma(m10, right.m11, Math.fma(m20, right.m12, m30 * right.m13)));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(m01, right.m10, Math.fma(m11, right.m11, Math.fma(m21, right.m12, m31 * right.m13)));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(m02, right.m10, Math.fma(m12, right.m11, Math.fma(m22, right.m12, m32 * right.m13)));
        double nm13 = Math.fma(m03, right.m10, Math.fma(m13, right.m11, Math.fma(m23, right.m12, m33 * right.m13)));
        double nm20 = Math.fma(m00, right.m20, Math.fma(m10, right.m21, Math.fma(m20, right.m22, m30 * right.m23)));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(m01, right.m20, Math.fma(m11, right.m21, Math.fma(m21, right.m22, m31 * right.m23)));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(m02, right.m20, Math.fma(m12, right.m21, Math.fma(m22, right.m22, m32 * right.m23)));
        double nm23 = Math.fma(m03, right.m20, Math.fma(m13, right.m21, Math.fma(m23, right.m22, m33 * right.m23)));
        double nm30 = Math.fma(m00, right.m30, Math.fma(m10, right.m31, Math.fma(m20, right.m32, m30 * right.m33)));
        double nm31 = Math.fma(m01, right.m30, Math.fma(m11, right.m31, Math.fma(m21, right.m32, m31 * right.m33)));
        double nm32 = Math.fma(m02, right.m30, Math.fma(m12, right.m31, Math.fma(m22, right.m32, m32 * right.m33)));
        double nm33 = Math.fma(m03, right.m30, Math.fma(m13, right.m31, Math.fma(m23, right.m32, m33 * right.m33)));
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the matrix with the supplied elements.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix whose 
     * elements are supplied via the parameters, then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>.
     * So when transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param r00
     *          the m00 element of the right matrix
     * @param r01
     *          the m01 element of the right matrix
     * @param r02
     *          the m02 element of the right matrix
     * @param r03
     *          the m03 element of the right matrix
     * @param r10
     *          the m10 element of the right matrix
     * @param r11
     *          the m11 element of the right matrix
     * @param r12
     *          the m12 element of the right matrix
     * @param r13
     *          the m13 element of the right matrix
     * @param r20
     *          the m20 element of the right matrix
     * @param r21
     *          the m21 element of the right matrix
     * @param r22
     *          the m22 element of the right matrix
     * @param r23
     *          the m23 element of the right matrix
     * @param r30
     *          the m30 element of the right matrix
     * @param r31
     *          the m31 element of the right matrix
     * @param r32
     *          the m32 element of the right matrix
     * @param r33
     *          the m33 element of the right matrix
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul(
            double r00, double r01, double r02, double r03,
            double r10, double r11, double r12, double r13,
            double r20, double r21, double r22, double r23,
            double r30, double r31, double r32, double r33) return {
        mul(r00, r01, r02, r03, r10, r11, r12, r13, r20, r21, r22, r23, r30, r31, r32, r33, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mul(
            double r00, double r01, double r02, double r03,
            double r10, double r11, double r12, double r13,
            double r20, double r21, double r22, double r23,
            double r30, double r31, double r32, double r33, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(r00, r01, r02, r03, r10, r11, r12, r13, r20, r21, r22, r23, r30, r31, r32, r33);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulAffineL(r00, r01, r02, r03, r10, r11, r12, r13, r20, r21, r22, r23, r30, r31, r32, r33, dest);
        return mulGeneric(r00, r01, r02, r03, r10, r11, r12, r13, r20, r21, r22, r23, r30, r31, r32, r33, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d mulAffineL(
            double r00, double r01, double r02, double r03,
            double r10, double r11, double r12, double r13,
            double r20, double r21, double r22, double r23,
            double r30, double r31, double r32, double r33, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(m00, r00, Math.fma(m10, r01, Math.fma(m20, r02, m30 * r03)));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(m01, r00, Math.fma(m11, r01, Math.fma(m21, r02, m31 * r03)));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(m02, r00, Math.fma(m12, r01, Math.fma(m22, r02, m32 * r03)));
        double nm03 = r03;
        double nm10 = Math.fma(m00, r10, Math.fma(m10, r11, Math.fma(m20, r12, m30 * r13)));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(m01, r10, Math.fma(m11, r11, Math.fma(m21, r12, m31 * r13)));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(m02, r10, Math.fma(m12, r11, Math.fma(m22, r12, m32 * r13)));
        double nm13 = r13;
        double nm20 = Math.fma(m00, r20, Math.fma(m10, r21, Math.fma(m20, r22, m30 * r23)));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(m01, r20, Math.fma(m11, r21, Math.fma(m21, r22, m31 * r23)));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(m02, r20, Math.fma(m12, r21, Math.fma(m22, r22, m32 * r23)));
        double nm23 = r23;
        double nm30 = Math.fma(m00, r30, Math.fma(m10, r31, Math.fma(m20, r32, m30 * r33)));
        double nm31 = Math.fma(m01, r30, Math.fma(m11, r31, Math.fma(m21, r32, m31 * r33)));
        double nm32 = Math.fma(m02, r30, Math.fma(m12, r31, Math.fma(m22, r32, m32 * r33)));
        double nm33 = r33;
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE);
    }
    private Matrix4d mulGeneric(
            double r00, double r01, double r02, double r03,
            double r10, double r11, double r12, double r13,
            double r20, double r21, double r22, double r23,
            double r30, double r31, double r32, double r33, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(m00, r00, Math.fma(m10, r01, Math.fma(m20, r02, m30 * r03)));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(m01, r00, Math.fma(m11, r01, Math.fma(m21, r02, m31 * r03)));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(m02, r00, Math.fma(m12, r01, Math.fma(m22, r02, m32 * r03)));
        double nm03 = Math.fma(m03, r00, Math.fma(m13, r01, Math.fma(m23, r02, m33 * r03)));
        double nm10 = Math.fma(m00, r10, Math.fma(m10, r11, Math.fma(m20, r12, m30 * r13)));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(m01, r10, Math.fma(m11, r11, Math.fma(m21, r12, m31 * r13)));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(m02, r10, Math.fma(m12, r11, Math.fma(m22, r12, m32 * r13)));
        double nm13 = Math.fma(m03, r10, Math.fma(m13, r11, Math.fma(m23, r12, m33 * r13)));
        double nm20 = Math.fma(m00, r20, Math.fma(m10, r21, Math.fma(m20, r22, m30 * r23)));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(m01, r20, Math.fma(m11, r21, Math.fma(m21, r22, m31 * r23)));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(m02, r20, Math.fma(m12, r21, Math.fma(m22, r22, m32 * r23)));
        double nm23 = Math.fma(m03, r20, Math.fma(m13, r21, Math.fma(m23, r22, m33 * r23)));
        double nm30 = Math.fma(m00, r30, Math.fma(m10, r31, Math.fma(m20, r32, m30 * r33)));
        double nm31 = Math.fma(m01, r30, Math.fma(m11, r31, Math.fma(m21, r32, m31 * r33)));
        double nm32 = Math.fma(m02, r30, Math.fma(m12, r31, Math.fma(m22, r32, m32 * r33)));
        double nm33 = Math.fma(m03, r30, Math.fma(m13, r31, Math.fma(m23, r32, m33 * r33)));
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the 3x3 matrix with the supplied elements expanded to a 4x4 matrix with 
     * all other matrix elements set to identity.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix whose 
     * elements are supplied via the parameters, then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>.
     * So when transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param r00
     *          the m00 element of the right matrix
     * @param r01
     *          the m01 element of the right matrix
     * @param r02
     *          the m02 element of the right matrix
     * @param r10
     *          the m10 element of the right matrix
     * @param r11
     *          the m11 element of the right matrix
     * @param r12
     *          the m12 element of the right matrix
     * @param r20
     *          the m20 element of the right matrix
     * @param r21
     *          the m21 element of the right matrix
     * @param r22
     *          the m22 element of the right matrix
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul3x3(
            double r00, double r01, double r02,
            double r10, double r11, double r12,
            double r20, double r21, double r22) return {
        mul3x3(r00, r01, r02, r10, r11, r12, r20, r21, r22, this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mul3x3(
            double r00, double r01, double r02,
            double r10, double r11, double r12,
            double r20, double r21, double r22, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(r00, r01, r02, 0, r10, r11, r12, 0, r20, r21, r22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
        return mulGeneric3x3(r00, r01, r02, r10, r11, r12, r20, r21, r22, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d mulGeneric3x3(
            double r00, double r01, double r02,
            double r10, double r11, double r12,
            double r20, double r21, double r22, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(m00, r00, Math.fma(m10, r01, m20 * r02));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(m01, r00, Math.fma(m11, r01, m21 * r02));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(m02, r00, Math.fma(m12, r01, m22 * r02));
        double nm03 = Math.fma(m03, r00, Math.fma(m13, r01, m23 * r02));
        double nm10 = Math.fma(m00, r10, Math.fma(m10, r11, m20 * r12));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(m01, r10, Math.fma(m11, r11, m21 * r12));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(m02, r10, Math.fma(m12, r11, m22 * r12));
        double nm13 = Math.fma(m03, r10, Math.fma(m13, r11, m23 * r12));
        double nm20 = Math.fma(m00, r20, Math.fma(m10, r21, m20 * r22));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(m01, r20, Math.fma(m11, r21, m21 * r22));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(m02, r20, Math.fma(m12, r21, m22 * r22));
        double nm23 = Math.fma(m03, r20, Math.fma(m13, r21, m23 * r22));
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(this.properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE);
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>left</code> matrix and store the result in <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the <code>left</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>L * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>L * M * v</code>, the
     * transformation of <code>this</code> matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param left
     *          the left operand of the matrix multiplication
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulLocal(Matrix4d left) return {
       mulLocal(left, this);
       return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulLocal(Matrix4d left, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(left);
        else if ((left.properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(this);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0 && (left.properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulLocalAffine(left, dest);
        return mulLocalGeneric(left, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d mulLocalGeneric(Matrix4d left, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(left.m00, m00, Math.fma(left.m10, m01, Math.fma(left.m20, m02, left.m30 * m03)));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(left.m01, m00, Math.fma(left.m11, m01, Math.fma(left.m21, m02, left.m31 * m03)));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(left.m02, m00, Math.fma(left.m12, m01, Math.fma(left.m22, m02, left.m32 * m03)));
        double nm03 = Math.fma(left.m03, m00, Math.fma(left.m13, m01, Math.fma(left.m23, m02, left.m33 * m03)));
        double nm10 = Math.fma(left.m00, m10, Math.fma(left.m10, m11, Math.fma(left.m20, m12, left.m30 * m13)));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(left.m01, m10, Math.fma(left.m11, m11, Math.fma(left.m21, m12, left.m31 * m13)));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(left.m02, m10, Math.fma(left.m12, m11, Math.fma(left.m22, m12, left.m32 * m13)));
        double nm13 = Math.fma(left.m03, m10, Math.fma(left.m13, m11, Math.fma(left.m23, m12, left.m33 * m13)));
        double nm20 = Math.fma(left.m00, m20, Math.fma(left.m10, m21, Math.fma(left.m20, m22, left.m30 * m23)));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(left.m01, m20, Math.fma(left.m11, m21, Math.fma(left.m21, m22, left.m31 * m23)));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(left.m02, m20, Math.fma(left.m12, m21, Math.fma(left.m22, m22, left.m32 * m23)));
        double nm23 = Math.fma(left.m03, m20, Math.fma(left.m13, m21, Math.fma(left.m23, m22, left.m33 * m23)));
        double nm30 = Math.fma(left.m00, m30, Math.fma(left.m10, m31, Math.fma(left.m20, m32, left.m30 * m33)));
        double nm31 = Math.fma(left.m01, m30, Math.fma(left.m11, m31, Math.fma(left.m21, m32, left.m31 * m33)));
        double nm32 = Math.fma(left.m02, m30, Math.fma(left.m12, m31, Math.fma(left.m22, m32, left.m32 * m33)));
        double nm33 = Math.fma(left.m03, m30, Math.fma(left.m13, m31, Math.fma(left.m23, m32, left.m33 * m33)));
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>left</code> matrix, both of which are assumed to be {@link #isAffine() affine}, and store the result in <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes that <code>this</code> matrix and the given <code>left</code> matrix both represent an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation
     * (i.e. their last rows are equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * and can be used to speed up matrix multiplication if the matrices only represent affine transformations, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing (in any combination).
     * <p>
     * This method will not modify either the last row of <code>this</code> or the last row of <code>left</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the <code>left</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>L * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>L * M * v</code>, the
     * transformation of <code>this</code> matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param left
     *          the left operand of the matrix multiplication (the last row is assumed to be <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulLocalAffine(Matrix4d left) return {
       mulLocalAffine(left, this);
       return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulLocalAffine(Matrix4d left, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = left.m00 * m00 + left.m10 * m01 + left.m20 * m02;
        double nm01 = left.m01 * m00 + left.m11 * m01 + left.m21 * m02;
        double nm02 = left.m02 * m00 + left.m12 * m01 + left.m22 * m02;
        double nm03 = left.m03;
        double nm10 = left.m00 * m10 + left.m10 * m11 + left.m20 * m12;
        double nm11 = left.m01 * m10 + left.m11 * m11 + left.m21 * m12;
        double nm12 = left.m02 * m10 + left.m12 * m11 + left.m22 * m12;
        double nm13 = left.m13;
        double nm20 = left.m00 * m20 + left.m10 * m21 + left.m20 * m22;
        double nm21 = left.m01 * m20 + left.m11 * m21 + left.m21 * m22;
        double nm22 = left.m02 * m20 + left.m12 * m21 + left.m22 * m22;
        double nm23 = left.m23;
        double nm30 = left.m00 * m30 + left.m10 * m31 + left.m20 * m32 + left.m30;
        double nm31 = left.m01 * m30 + left.m11 * m31 + left.m21 * m32 + left.m31;
        double nm32 = left.m02 * m30 + left.m12 * m31 + left.m22 * m32 + left.m32;
        double nm33 = left.m33;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>right</code> matrix.
     * <p>
     * The last row of the <code>right</code> matrix is assumed to be <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param right
     *          the right operand of the matrix multiplication
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul(Matrix4x3d right) return {
        mul(right, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mul(Matrix4x3d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(right);
        else if ((right.properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.set(this);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0)
            return mulTranslation(right, dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return mulAffine(right, dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE) != 0)
            return mulPerspectiveAffine(right, dest);
        return mulGeneric(right, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d mulTranslation(Matrix4x3d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest
        ._m00(right.m00)
        ._m01(right.m01)
        ._m02(right.m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(right.m10)
        ._m11(right.m11)
        ._m12(right.m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(right.m20)
        ._m21(right.m21)
        ._m22(right.m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(right.m30 + m30)
        ._m31(right.m31 + m31)
        ._m32(right.m32 + m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | (right.properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    private Matrix4d mulAffine(Matrix4x3d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        double m20 = this.m20, m21 = this.m21, m22 = this.m22;
        double rm00 = right.m00, rm01 = right.m01, rm02 = right.m02;
        double rm10 = right.m10, rm11 = right.m11, rm12 = right.m12;
        double rm20 = right.m20, rm21 = right.m21, rm22 = right.m22;
        double rm30 = right.m30, rm31 = right.m31, rm32 = right.m32;
        return dest
        ._m00(Math.fma(m00, rm00, Math.fma(m10, rm01, m20 * rm02)))
        ._m01(Math.fma(m01, rm00, Math.fma(m11, rm01, m21 * rm02)))
        ._m02(Math.fma(m02, rm00, Math.fma(m12, rm01, m22 * rm02)))
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(Math.fma(m00, rm10, Math.fma(m10, rm11, m20 * rm12)))
        ._m11(Math.fma(m01, rm10, Math.fma(m11, rm11, m21 * rm12)))
        ._m12(Math.fma(m02, rm10, Math.fma(m12, rm11, m22 * rm12)))
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(Math.fma(m00, rm20, Math.fma(m10, rm21, m20 * rm22)))
        ._m21(Math.fma(m01, rm20, Math.fma(m11, rm21, m21 * rm22)))
        ._m22(Math.fma(m02, rm20, Math.fma(m12, rm21, m22 * rm22)))
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(Math.fma(m00, rm30, Math.fma(m10, rm31, Math.fma(m20, rm32, m30))))
        ._m31(Math.fma(m01, rm30, Math.fma(m11, rm31, Math.fma(m21, rm32, m31))))
        ._m32(Math.fma(m02, rm30, Math.fma(m12, rm31, Math.fma(m22, rm32, m32))))
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | (this.properties & right.properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    private Matrix4d mulGeneric(Matrix4x3d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(m00, right.m00, Math.fma(m10, right.m01, m20 * right.m02));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(m01, right.m00, Math.fma(m11, right.m01, m21 * right.m02));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(m02, right.m00, Math.fma(m12, right.m01, m22 * right.m02));
        double nm03 = Math.fma(m03, right.m00, Math.fma(m13, right.m01, m23 * right.m02));
        double nm10 = Math.fma(m00, right.m10, Math.fma(m10, right.m11, m20 * right.m12));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(m01, right.m10, Math.fma(m11, right.m11, m21 * right.m12));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(m02, right.m10, Math.fma(m12, right.m11, m22 * right.m12));
        double nm13 = Math.fma(m03, right.m10, Math.fma(m13, right.m11, m23 * right.m12));
        double nm20 = Math.fma(m00, right.m20, Math.fma(m10, right.m21, m20 * right.m22));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(m01, right.m20, Math.fma(m11, right.m21, m21 * right.m22));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(m02, right.m20, Math.fma(m12, right.m21, m22 * right.m22));
        double nm23 = Math.fma(m03, right.m20, Math.fma(m13, right.m21, m23 * right.m22));
        double nm30 = Math.fma(m00, right.m30, Math.fma(m10, right.m31, Math.fma(m20, right.m32, m30)));
        double nm31 = Math.fma(m01, right.m30, Math.fma(m11, right.m31, Math.fma(m21, right.m32, m31)));
        double nm32 = Math.fma(m02, right.m30, Math.fma(m12, right.m31, Math.fma(m22, right.m32, m32)));
        double nm33 = Math.fma(m03, right.m30, Math.fma(m13, right.m31, Math.fma(m23, right.m32, m33)));
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }
    public Matrix4d mulPerspectiveAffine(Matrix4x3d view, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double lm00 = m00, lm11 = m11, lm22 = m22, lm23 = m23;
        dest._m00(lm00 * view.m00)._m01(lm11 * view.m01)._m02(lm22 * view.m02)._m03(lm23 * view.m02).
        _m10(lm00 * view.m10)._m11(lm11 * view.m11)._m12(lm22 * view.m12)._m13(lm23 * view.m12).
        _m20(lm00 * view.m20)._m21(lm11 * view.m21)._m22(lm22 * view.m22)._m23(lm23 * view.m22).
        _m30(lm00 * view.m30)._m31(lm11 * view.m31)._m32(lm22 * view.m32 + m32)._m33(lm23 * view.m32)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }


    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>right</code> matrix and store the result in <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param right
     *          the right operand of the matrix multiplication
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul(Matrix3x2d right) return {
        mul(right, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mul(Matrix3x2d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = m00 * right.m00 + m10 * right.m01;
        double nm01 = m01 * right.m00 + m11 * right.m01;
        double nm02 = m02 * right.m00 + m12 * right.m01;
        double nm03 = m03 * right.m00 + m13 * right.m01;
        double nm10 = m00 * right.m10 + m10 * right.m11;
        double nm11 = m01 * right.m10 + m11 * right.m11;
        double nm12 = m02 * right.m10 + m12 * right.m11;
        double nm13 = m03 * right.m10 + m13 * right.m11;
        double nm30 = m00 * right.m20 + m10 * right.m21 + m30;
        double nm31 = m01 * right.m20 + m11 * right.m21 + m31;
        double nm32 = m02 * right.m20 + m12 * right.m21 + m32;
        double nm33 = m03 * right.m20 + m13 * right.m21 + m33;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }




    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> symmetric perspective projection matrix by the supplied {@link #isAffine() affine} <code>view</code> matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>P</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>V</code> the <code>view</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>P * V</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>P * V * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the <code>view</code> matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param view
     *          the {@link #isAffine() affine} matrix to multiply <code>this</code> symmetric perspective projection matrix by
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulPerspectiveAffine(Matrix4d view) return {
       mulPerspectiveAffine(view, this);
       return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulPerspectiveAffine(Matrix4d view, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = m00 * view.m00, nm01 = m11 * view.m01, nm02 = m22 * view.m02, nm03 = m23 * view.m02;
        double nm10 = m00 * view.m10, nm11 = m11 * view.m11, nm12 = m22 * view.m12, nm13 = m23 * view.m12;
        double nm20 = m00 * view.m20, nm21 = m11 * view.m21, nm22 = m22 * view.m22, nm23 = m23 * view.m22;
        double nm30 = m00 * view.m30, nm31 = m11 * view.m31, nm32 = m22 * view.m32 + m32, nm33 = m23 * view.m32;
        return dest
            ._m00(nm00)._m01(nm01)._m02(nm02)._m03(nm03)
            ._m10(nm10)._m11(nm11)._m12(nm12)._m13(nm13)
            ._m20(nm20)._m21(nm21)._m22(nm22)._m23(nm23)
            ._m30(nm30)._m31(nm31)._m32(nm32)._m33(nm33)
            ._properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>right</code> matrix, which is assumed to be {@link #isAffine() affine}, and store the result in <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes that the given <code>right</code> matrix represents an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation (i.e. its last row is equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * and can be used to speed up matrix multiplication if the matrix only represents affine transformations, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing (in any combination).
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param right
     *          the right operand of the matrix multiplication (the last row is assumed to be <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulAffineR(Matrix4d right) return {
       mulAffineR(right, this);
       return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulAffineR(Matrix4d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = Math.fma(m00, right.m00, Math.fma(m10, right.m01, m20 * right.m02));
        double nm01 = Math.fma(m01, right.m00, Math.fma(m11, right.m01, m21 * right.m02));
        double nm02 = Math.fma(m02, right.m00, Math.fma(m12, right.m01, m22 * right.m02));
        double nm03 = Math.fma(m03, right.m00, Math.fma(m13, right.m01, m23 * right.m02));
        double nm10 = Math.fma(m00, right.m10, Math.fma(m10, right.m11, m20 * right.m12));
        double nm11 = Math.fma(m01, right.m10, Math.fma(m11, right.m11, m21 * right.m12));
        double nm12 = Math.fma(m02, right.m10, Math.fma(m12, right.m11, m22 * right.m12));
        double nm13 = Math.fma(m03, right.m10, Math.fma(m13, right.m11, m23 * right.m12));
        double nm20 = Math.fma(m00, right.m20, Math.fma(m10, right.m21, m20 * right.m22));
        double nm21 = Math.fma(m01, right.m20, Math.fma(m11, right.m21, m21 * right.m22));
        double nm22 = Math.fma(m02, right.m20, Math.fma(m12, right.m21, m22 * right.m22));
        double nm23 = Math.fma(m03, right.m20, Math.fma(m13, right.m21, m23 * right.m22));
        double nm30 = Math.fma(m00, right.m30, Math.fma(m10, right.m31, Math.fma(m20, right.m32, m30)));
        double nm31 = Math.fma(m01, right.m30, Math.fma(m11, right.m31, Math.fma(m21, right.m32, m31)));
        double nm32 = Math.fma(m02, right.m30, Math.fma(m12, right.m31, Math.fma(m22, right.m32, m32)));
        double nm33 = Math.fma(m03, right.m30, Math.fma(m13, right.m31, Math.fma(m23, right.m32, m33)));
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Multiply this matrix by the supplied <code>right</code> matrix, both of which are assumed to be {@link #isAffine() affine}, and store the result in <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes that <code>this</code> matrix and the given <code>right</code> matrix both represent an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation
     * (i.e. their last rows are equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * and can be used to speed up matrix multiplication if the matrices only represent affine transformations, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing (in any combination).
     * <p>
     * This method will not modify either the last row of <code>this</code> or the last row of <code>right</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the <code>right</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the right matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param right
     *          the right operand of the matrix multiplication (the last row is assumed to be <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulAffine(Matrix4d right) return {
       mulAffine(right, this);
       return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulAffine(Matrix4d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        double m20 = this.m20, m21 = this.m21, m22 = this.m22;
        double rm00 = right.m00, rm01 = right.m01, rm02 = right.m02;
        double rm10 = right.m10, rm11 = right.m11, rm12 = right.m12;
        double rm20 = right.m20, rm21 = right.m21, rm22 = right.m22;
        double rm30 = right.m30, rm31 = right.m31, rm32 = right.m32;
        return dest
        ._m00(Math.fma(m00, rm00, Math.fma(m10, rm01, m20 * rm02)))
        ._m01(Math.fma(m01, rm00, Math.fma(m11, rm01, m21 * rm02)))
        ._m02(Math.fma(m02, rm00, Math.fma(m12, rm01, m22 * rm02)))
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(Math.fma(m00, rm10, Math.fma(m10, rm11, m20 * rm12)))
        ._m11(Math.fma(m01, rm10, Math.fma(m11, rm11, m21 * rm12)))
        ._m12(Math.fma(m02, rm10, Math.fma(m12, rm11, m22 * rm12)))
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(Math.fma(m00, rm20, Math.fma(m10, rm21, m20 * rm22)))
        ._m21(Math.fma(m01, rm20, Math.fma(m11, rm21, m21 * rm22)))
        ._m22(Math.fma(m02, rm20, Math.fma(m12, rm21, m22 * rm22)))
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(Math.fma(m00, rm30, Math.fma(m10, rm31, Math.fma(m20, rm32, m30))))
        ._m31(Math.fma(m01, rm30, Math.fma(m11, rm31, Math.fma(m21, rm32, m31))))
        ._m32(Math.fma(m02, rm30, Math.fma(m12, rm31, Math.fma(m22, rm32, m32))))
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | (this.properties & right.properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    public Matrix4d mulTranslationAffine(Matrix4d right, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest
        ._m00(right.m00)
        ._m01(right.m01)
        ._m02(right.m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(right.m10)
        ._m11(right.m11)
        ._m12(right.m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(right.m20)
        ._m21(right.m21)
        ._m22(right.m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(right.m30 + m30)
        ._m31(right.m31 + m31)
        ._m32(right.m32 + m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | (right.properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> orthographic projection matrix by the supplied {@link #isAffine() affine} <code>view</code> matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>V</code> the <code>view</code> matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * V</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * V * v</code>, the
     * transformation of the <code>view</code> matrix will be applied first!
     *
     * @param view
     *          the affine matrix which to multiply <code>this</code> with
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulOrthoAffine(Matrix4d view) return {
        mulOrthoAffine(view, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulOrthoAffine(Matrix4d view, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = m00 * view.m00;
        double nm01 = m11 * view.m01;
        double nm02 = m22 * view.m02;
        double nm03 = 0.0;
        double nm10 = m00 * view.m10;
        double nm11 = m11 * view.m11;
        double nm12 = m22 * view.m12;
        double nm13 = 0.0;
        double nm20 = m00 * view.m20;
        double nm21 = m11 * view.m21;
        double nm22 = m22 * view.m22;
        double nm23 = 0.0;
        double nm30 = m00 * view.m30 + m30;
        double nm31 = m11 * view.m31 + m31;
        double nm32 = m22 * view.m32 + m32;
        double nm33 = 1.0;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise add the upper 4x3 submatrices of <code>this</code> and <code>other</code>
     * by first multiplying each component of <code>other</code>'s 4x3 submatrix by <code>otherFactor</code> and
     * adding that result to <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * The matrix <code>other</code> will not be changed.
     * 
     * @param other
     *          the other matrix
     * @param otherFactor
     *          the factor to multiply each of the other matrix's 4x3 components
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d fma4x3(Matrix4d other, double otherFactor) return {
        fma4x3(other, otherFactor, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d fma4x3(Matrix4d other, double otherFactor, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(Math.fma(other.m00, otherFactor, m00))
        ._m01(Math.fma(other.m01, otherFactor, m01))
        ._m02(Math.fma(other.m02, otherFactor, m02))
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(Math.fma(other.m10, otherFactor, m10))
        ._m11(Math.fma(other.m11, otherFactor, m11))
        ._m12(Math.fma(other.m12, otherFactor, m12))
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(Math.fma(other.m20, otherFactor, m20))
        ._m21(Math.fma(other.m21, otherFactor, m21))
        ._m22(Math.fma(other.m22, otherFactor, m22))
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(Math.fma(other.m30, otherFactor, m30))
        ._m31(Math.fma(other.m31, otherFactor, m31))
        ._m32(Math.fma(other.m32, otherFactor, m32))
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise add <code>this</code> and <code>other</code>.
     * 
     * @param other
     *          the other addend
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d add(Matrix4d other) return {
        add(other, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d add(Matrix4d other, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00 + other.m00)
        ._m01(m01 + other.m01)
        ._m02(m02 + other.m02)
        ._m03(m03 + other.m03)
        ._m10(m10 + other.m10)
        ._m11(m11 + other.m11)
        ._m12(m12 + other.m12)
        ._m13(m13 + other.m13)
        ._m20(m20 + other.m20)
        ._m21(m21 + other.m21)
        ._m22(m22 + other.m22)
        ._m23(m23 + other.m23)
        ._m30(m30 + other.m30)
        ._m31(m31 + other.m31)
        ._m32(m32 + other.m32)
        ._m33(m33 + other.m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise subtract <code>subtrahend</code> from <code>this</code>.
     * 
     * @param subtrahend
     *          the subtrahend
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d sub(Matrix4d subtrahend) return {
        sub(subtrahend, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d sub(Matrix4d subtrahend, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00 - subtrahend.m00)
        ._m01(m01 - subtrahend.m01)
        ._m02(m02 - subtrahend.m02)
        ._m03(m03 - subtrahend.m03)
        ._m10(m10 - subtrahend.m10)
        ._m11(m11 - subtrahend.m11)
        ._m12(m12 - subtrahend.m12)
        ._m13(m13 - subtrahend.m13)
        ._m20(m20 - subtrahend.m20)
        ._m21(m21 - subtrahend.m21)
        ._m22(m22 - subtrahend.m22)
        ._m23(m23 - subtrahend.m23)
        ._m30(m30 - subtrahend.m30)
        ._m31(m31 - subtrahend.m31)
        ._m32(m32 - subtrahend.m32)
        ._m33(m33 - subtrahend.m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise multiply <code>this</code> by <code>other</code>.
     * 
     * @param other
     *          the other matrix
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mulComponentWise(Matrix4d other) return {
        mulComponentWise(other, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mulComponentWise(Matrix4d other, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00 * other.m00)
        ._m01(m01 * other.m01)
        ._m02(m02 * other.m02)
        ._m03(m03 * other.m03)
        ._m10(m10 * other.m10)
        ._m11(m11 * other.m11)
        ._m12(m12 * other.m12)
        ._m13(m13 * other.m13)
        ._m20(m20 * other.m20)
        ._m21(m21 * other.m21)
        ._m22(m22 * other.m22)
        ._m23(m23 * other.m23)
        ._m30(m30 * other.m30)
        ._m31(m31 * other.m31)
        ._m32(m32 * other.m32)
        ._m33(m33 * other.m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise add the upper 4x3 submatrices of <code>this</code> and <code>other</code>.
     * 
     * @param other
     *          the other addend
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d add4x3(Matrix4d other) return {
        add4x3(other, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d add4x3(Matrix4d other, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00 + other.m00)
        ._m01(m01 + other.m01)
        ._m02(m02 + other.m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10 + other.m10)
        ._m11(m11 + other.m11)
        ._m12(m12 + other.m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m20 + other.m20)
        ._m21(m21 + other.m21)
        ._m22(m22 + other.m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30 + other.m30)
        ._m31(m31 + other.m31)
        ._m32(m32 + other.m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise subtract the upper 4x3 submatrices of <code>subtrahend</code> from <code>this</code>.
     * 
     * @param subtrahend
     *          the subtrahend
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d sub4x3(Matrix4d subtrahend) return {
        sub4x3(subtrahend, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d sub4x3(Matrix4d subtrahend, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00 - subtrahend.m00)
        ._m01(m01 - subtrahend.m01)
        ._m02(m02 - subtrahend.m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10 - subtrahend.m10)
        ._m11(m11 - subtrahend.m11)
        ._m12(m12 - subtrahend.m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m20 - subtrahend.m20)
        ._m21(m21 - subtrahend.m21)
        ._m22(m22 - subtrahend.m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30 - subtrahend.m30)
        ._m31(m31 - subtrahend.m31)
        ._m32(m32 - subtrahend.m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Component-wise multiply the upper 4x3 submatrices of <code>this</code> by <code>other</code>.
     * 
     * @param other
     *          the other matrix
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mul4x3ComponentWise(Matrix4d other) return {
        mul4x3ComponentWise(other, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d mul4x3ComponentWise(Matrix4d other, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00 * other.m00)
        ._m01(m01 * other.m01)
        ._m02(m02 * other.m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10 * other.m10)
        ._m11(m11 * other.m11)
        ._m12(m12 * other.m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m20 * other.m20)
        ._m21(m21 * other.m21)
        ._m22(m22 * other.m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30 * other.m30)
        ._m31(m31 * other.m31)
        ._m32(m32 * other.m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /** Set the values within this matrix to the supplied double values. The matrix will look like this:<br><br>
     *  
     * m00, m10, m20, m30<br>
     * m01, m11, m21, m31<br>
     * m02, m12, m22, m32<br>
     * m03, m13, m23, m33
     *
     * @param m00
     *          the new value of m00
     * @param m01
     *          the new value of m01
     * @param m02
     *          the new value of m02
     * @param m03
     *          the new value of m03
     * @param m10
     *          the new value of m10
     * @param m11
     *          the new value of m11
     * @param m12
     *          the new value of m12
     * @param m13
     *          the new value of m13
     * @param m20
     *          the new value of m20
     * @param m21
     *          the new value of m21
     * @param m22
     *          the new value of m22
     * @param m23
     *          the new value of m23
     * @param m30
     *          the new value of m30
     * @param m31
     *          the new value of m31
     * @param m32
     *          the new value of m32
     * @param m33
     *          the new value of m33
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(double m00, double m01, double m02,double m03,
                        double m10, double m11, double m12, double m13,
                        double m20, double m21, double m22, double m23, 
                        double m30, double m31, double m32, double m33) return {
        setm00(m00);
        setm10(m10);
        setm20(m20);
        setm30(m30);
        setm01(m01);
        setm11(m11);
        setm21(m21);
        setm31(m31);
        setm02(m02);
        setm12(m12);
        setm22(m22);
        setm32(m32);
        setm03(m03);
        setm13(m13);
        setm23(m23);
        setm33(m33);
        return determineProperties();
    }

    /**
     * Set the values in the matrix using a double array that contains the matrix elements in column-major order.
     * <p>
     * The results will look like this:<br><br>
     * 
     * 0, 4, 8, 12<br>
     * 1, 5, 9, 13<br>
     * 2, 6, 10, 14<br>
     * 3, 7, 11, 15<br>
     * 
     * @see #set(double[])
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the array to read the matrix values from
     * @param off
     *          the offset into the array
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(double[] m, int off) return {
        return
        _m00(m[off+0]).
        _m01(m[off+1]).
        _m02(m[off+2]).
        _m03(m[off+3]).
        _m10(m[off+4]).
        _m11(m[off+5]).
        _m12(m[off+6]).
        _m13(m[off+7]).
        _m20(m[off+8]).
        _m21(m[off+9]).
        _m22(m[off+10]).
        _m23(m[off+11]).
        _m30(m[off+12]).
        _m31(m[off+13]).
        _m32(m[off+14]).
        _m33(m[off+15]).
        determineProperties();
    }

    /**
     * Set the values in the matrix using a double array that contains the matrix elements in column-major order.
     * <p>
     * The results will look like this:<br><br>
     * 
     * 0, 4, 8, 12<br>
     * 1, 5, 9, 13<br>
     * 2, 6, 10, 14<br>
     * 3, 7, 11, 15<br>
     * 
     * @see #set(double[], int)
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the array to read the matrix values from
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(double[] m) return {
        return set(m, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Set the values in the matrix using a float array that contains the matrix elements in column-major order.
     * <p>
     * The results will look like this:<br><br>
     * 
     * 0, 4, 8, 12<br>
     * 1, 5, 9, 13<br>
     * 2, 6, 10, 14<br>
     * 3, 7, 11, 15<br>
     * 
     * @see #set(float[])
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the array to read the matrix values from
     * @param off
     *          the offset into the array
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(float[] m, int off) return {
        return
        _m00(m[off+0]).
        _m01(m[off+1]).
        _m02(m[off+2]).
        _m03(m[off+3]).
        _m10(m[off+4]).
        _m11(m[off+5]).
        _m12(m[off+6]).
        _m13(m[off+7]).
        _m20(m[off+8]).
        _m21(m[off+9]).
        _m22(m[off+10]).
        _m23(m[off+11]).
        _m30(m[off+12]).
        _m31(m[off+13]).
        _m32(m[off+14]).
        _m33(m[off+15]).
        determineProperties();
    }

    /**
     * Set the values in the matrix using a float array that contains the matrix elements in column-major order.
     * <p>
     * The results will look like this:<br><br>
     * 
     * 0, 4, 8, 12<br>
     * 1, 5, 9, 13<br>
     * 2, 6, 10, 14<br>
     * 3, 7, 11, 15<br>
     * 
     * @see #set(float[], int)
     * 
     * @param m
     *          the array to read the matrix values from
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(float[] m) return {
        return set(m, 0);
    }


    /**
     * Set the four columns of this matrix to the supplied vectors, respectively.
     * 
     * @param col0
     *          the first column
     * @param col1
     *          the second column
     * @param col2
     *          the third column
     * @param col3
     *          the fourth column
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(ref Vector4d col0, Vector4d col1, Vector4d col2, Vector4d col3) return {
        return
        _m00(col0.x).
        _m01(col0.y).
        _m02(col0.z).
        _m03(col0.w).
        _m10(col1.x).
        _m11(col1.y).
        _m12(col1.z).
        _m13(col1.w).
        _m20(col2.x).
        _m21(col2.y).
        _m22(col2.z).
        _m23(col2.w).
        _m30(col3.x).
        _m31(col3.y).
        _m32(col3.z).
        _m33(col3.w).
        determineProperties();
    }

    public double determinant() {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return determinantAffine();
        return (m00 * m11 - m01 * m10) * (m22 * m33 - m23 * m32)
             + (m02 * m10 - m00 * m12) * (m21 * m33 - m23 * m31)
             + (m00 * m13 - m03 * m10) * (m21 * m32 - m22 * m31) 
             + (m01 * m12 - m02 * m11) * (m20 * m33 - m23 * m30)
             + (m03 * m11 - m01 * m13) * (m20 * m32 - m22 * m30) 
             + (m02 * m13 - m03 * m12) * (m20 * m31 - m21 * m30);
    }

    public double determinant3x3() {
        return (m00 * m11 - m01 * m10) * m22
             + (m02 * m10 - m00 * m12) * m21
             + (m01 * m12 - m02 * m11) * m20;
    }

    public double determinantAffine() {
        return (m00 * m11 - m01 * m10) * m22
             + (m02 * m10 - m00 * m12) * m21
             + (m01 * m12 - m02 * m11) * m20;
    }

    /**
     * Invert this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>this</code> matrix represents an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing,
     * and thus its last row is equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>, then {@link #invertAffine()} can be used instead of this method.
     * 
     * @see #invertAffine()
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d invert() return {
        invert(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d invert(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.identity();
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0)
            return invertTranslation(dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0)
            return invertOrthonormal(dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return invertAffine(dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE) != 0)
            return invertPerspective(dest);
        return invertGeneric(dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d invertTranslation(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if (dest != this)
            dest.set(this);
        dest._m30(-m30)
        ._m31(-m31)
        ._m32(-m32)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
        return dest;
    }
    private Matrix4d invertOrthonormal(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm30 = -(m00 * m30 + m01 * m31 + m02 * m32);
        double nm31 = -(m10 * m30 + m11 * m31 + m12 * m32);
        double nm32 = -(m20 * m30 + m21 * m31 + m22 * m32);
        double m01 = this.m01;
        double m02 = this.m02;
        double m12 = this.m12;
        dest._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m10)
        ._m02(m20)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(m01)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m21)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(m02)
        ._m21(m12)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
        return dest;
    }
    private Matrix4d invertGeneric(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if (this != dest)
            return invertGenericNonThis(dest);
        return invertGenericThis(dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d invertGenericNonThis(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double c = m00 * m13 - m03 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double e = m01 * m13 - m03 * m11;
        double f = m02 * m13 - m03 * m12;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double i = m20 * m33 - m23 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        double k = m21 * m33 - m23 * m31;
        double l = m22 * m33 - m23 * m32;
        double det = a * l - b * k + c * j + d * i - e * h + f * g;
        det = 1.0 / det;
        return dest
        ._m00(Math.fma( m11, l, Math.fma(-m12, k,  m13 * j)) * det)
        ._m01(Math.fma(-m01, l, Math.fma( m02, k, -m03 * j)) * det)
        ._m02(Math.fma( m31, f, Math.fma(-m32, e,  m33 * d)) * det)
        ._m03(Math.fma(-m21, f, Math.fma( m22, e, -m23 * d)) * det)
        ._m10(Math.fma(-m10, l, Math.fma( m12, i, -m13 * h)) * det)
        ._m11(Math.fma( m00, l, Math.fma(-m02, i,  m03 * h)) * det)
        ._m12(Math.fma(-m30, f, Math.fma( m32, c, -m33 * b)) * det)
        ._m13(Math.fma( m20, f, Math.fma(-m22, c,  m23 * b)) * det)
        ._m20(Math.fma( m10, k, Math.fma(-m11, i,  m13 * g)) * det)
        ._m21(Math.fma(-m00, k, Math.fma( m01, i, -m03 * g)) * det)
        ._m22(Math.fma( m30, e, Math.fma(-m31, c,  m33 * a)) * det)
        ._m23(Math.fma(-m20, e, Math.fma( m21, c, -m23 * a)) * det)
        ._m30(Math.fma(-m10, j, Math.fma( m11, h, -m12 * g)) * det)
        ._m31(Math.fma( m00, j, Math.fma(-m01, h,  m02 * g)) * det)
        ._m32(Math.fma(-m30, d, Math.fma( m31, b, -m32 * a)) * det)
        ._m33(Math.fma( m20, d, Math.fma(-m21, b,  m22 * a)) * det)
        ._properties(0);
    }
    private Matrix4d invertGenericThis(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double c = m00 * m13 - m03 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double e = m01 * m13 - m03 * m11;
        double f = m02 * m13 - m03 * m12;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double i = m20 * m33 - m23 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        double k = m21 * m33 - m23 * m31;
        double l = m22 * m33 - m23 * m32;
        double det = a * l - b * k + c * j + d * i - e * h + f * g;
        det = 1.0 / det;
        double nm00 = Math.fma( m11, l, Math.fma(-m12, k,  m13 * j)) * det;
        double nm01 = Math.fma(-m01, l, Math.fma( m02, k, -m03 * j)) * det;
        double nm02 = Math.fma( m31, f, Math.fma(-m32, e,  m33 * d)) * det;
        double nm03 = Math.fma(-m21, f, Math.fma( m22, e, -m23 * d)) * det;
        double nm10 = Math.fma(-m10, l, Math.fma( m12, i, -m13 * h)) * det;
        double nm11 = Math.fma( m00, l, Math.fma(-m02, i,  m03 * h)) * det;
        double nm12 = Math.fma(-m30, f, Math.fma( m32, c, -m33 * b)) * det;
        double nm13 = Math.fma( m20, f, Math.fma(-m22, c,  m23 * b)) * det;
        double nm20 = Math.fma( m10, k, Math.fma(-m11, i,  m13 * g)) * det;
        double nm21 = Math.fma(-m00, k, Math.fma( m01, i, -m03 * g)) * det;
        double nm22 = Math.fma( m30, e, Math.fma(-m31, c,  m33 * a)) * det;
        double nm23 = Math.fma(-m20, e, Math.fma( m21, c, -m23 * a)) * det;
        double nm30 = Math.fma(-m10, j, Math.fma( m11, h, -m12 * g)) * det;
        double nm31 = Math.fma( m00, j, Math.fma(-m01, h,  m02 * g)) * det;
        double nm32 = Math.fma(-m30, d, Math.fma( m31, b, -m32 * a)) * det;
        double nm33 = Math.fma( m20, d, Math.fma(-m21, b,  m22 * a)) * det;
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    public Matrix4d invertPerspective(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double a =  1.0 / (m00 * m11);
        double l = -1.0 / (m23 * m32);
        dest.set(m11 * a, 0, 0, 0,
                 0, m00 * a, 0, 0,
                 0, 0, 0, -m23 * l,
                 0, 0, -m32 * l, m22 * l);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * If <code>this</code> is a perspective projection matrix obtained via one of the {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double) perspective()} methods
     * or via {@link #setPerspective(double, double, double, double) setPerspective()}, that is, if <code>this</code> is a symmetrical perspective frustum transformation,
     * then this method builds the inverse of <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to quickly obtain the inverse of a perspective projection matrix when being obtained via {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double) perspective()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspective(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d invertPerspective() return {
        invertPerspective(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d invertFrustum(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double invM00 = 1.0 / m00;
        double invM11 = 1.0 / m11;
        double invM23 = 1.0 / m23;
        double invM32 = 1.0 / m32;
        dest.set(invM00, 0, 0, 0,
                 0, invM11, 0, 0,
                 0, 0, 0, invM32,
                 -m20 * invM00 * invM23, -m21 * invM11 * invM23, invM23, -m22 * invM23 * invM32);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * If <code>this</code> is an arbitrary perspective projection matrix obtained via one of the {@link #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) frustum()}  methods
     * or via {@link #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) setFrustum()},
     * then this method builds the inverse of <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to quickly obtain the inverse of a perspective projection matrix.
     * <p>
     * If this matrix represents a symmetric perspective frustum transformation, as obtained via {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double) perspective()}, then
     * {@link #invertPerspective()} should be used instead.
     * 
     * @see #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #invertPerspective()
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d invertFrustum() return {
        invertFrustum(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d invertOrtho(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double invM00 = 1.0 / m00;
        double invM11 = 1.0 / m11;
        double invM22 = 1.0 / m22;
        dest.set(invM00, 0, 0, 0,
                 0, invM11, 0, 0,
                 0, 0, invM22, 0,
                 -m30 * invM00, -m31 * invM11, -m32 * invM22, 1)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | (this.properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Invert <code>this</code> orthographic projection matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to quickly obtain the inverse of an orthographic projection matrix.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d invertOrtho() return {
        invertOrtho(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d invertPerspectiveView(Matrix4d view, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double a =  1.0 / (m00 * m11);
        double l = -1.0 / (m23 * m32);
        double pm00 =  m11 * a;
        double pm11 =  m00 * a;
        double pm23 = -m23 * l;
        double pm32 = -m32 * l;
        double pm33 =  m22 * l;
        double vm30 = -view.m00 * view.m30 - view.m01 * view.m31 - view.m02 * view.m32;
        double vm31 = -view.m10 * view.m30 - view.m11 * view.m31 - view.m12 * view.m32;
        double vm32 = -view.m20 * view.m30 - view.m21 * view.m31 - view.m22 * view.m32;
        double nm10 = view.m01 * pm11;
        double nm30 = view.m02 * pm32 + vm30 * pm33;
        double nm31 = view.m12 * pm32 + vm31 * pm33;
        double nm32 = view.m22 * pm32 + vm32 * pm33;
        return dest
        ._m00(view.m00 * pm00)
        ._m01(view.m10 * pm00)
        ._m02(view.m20 * pm00)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(view.m11 * pm11)
        ._m12(view.m21 * pm11)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(vm30 * pm23)
        ._m21(vm31 * pm23)
        ._m22(vm32 * pm23)
        ._m23(pm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(pm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    public Matrix4d invertPerspectiveView(Matrix4x3d view, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double a =  1.0 / (m00 * m11);
        double l = -1.0 / (m23 * m32);
        double pm00 =  m11 * a;
        double pm11 =  m00 * a;
        double pm23 = -m23 * l;
        double pm32 = -m32 * l;
        double pm33 =  m22 * l;
        double vm30 = -view.m00 * view.m30 - view.m01 * view.m31 - view.m02 * view.m32;
        double vm31 = -view.m10 * view.m30 - view.m11 * view.m31 - view.m12 * view.m32;
        double vm32 = -view.m20 * view.m30 - view.m21 * view.m31 - view.m22 * view.m32;
        return dest
        ._m00(view.m00 * pm00)
        ._m01(view.m10 * pm00)
        ._m02(view.m20 * pm00)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(view.m01 * pm11)
        ._m11(view.m11 * pm11)
        ._m12(view.m21 * pm11)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(vm30 * pm23)
        ._m21(vm31 * pm23)
        ._m22(vm32 * pm23)
        ._m23(pm23)
        ._m30(view.m02 * pm32 + vm30 * pm33)
        ._m31(view.m12 * pm32 + vm31 * pm33)
        ._m32(view.m22 * pm32 + vm32 * pm33)
        ._m33(pm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    public Matrix4d invertAffine(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m11m00 = m00 * m11, m10m01 = m01 * m10, m10m02 = m02 * m10;
        double m12m00 = m00 * m12, m12m01 = m01 * m12, m11m02 = m02 * m11;
        double s = 1.0 / ((m11m00 - m10m01) * m22 + (m10m02 - m12m00) * m21 + (m12m01 - m11m02) * m20);
        double m10m22 = m10 * m22, m10m21 = m10 * m21, m11m22 = m11 * m22;
        double m11m20 = m11 * m20, m12m21 = m12 * m21, m12m20 = m12 * m20;
        double m20m02 = m20 * m02, m20m01 = m20 * m01, m21m02 = m21 * m02;
        double m21m00 = m21 * m00, m22m01 = m22 * m01, m22m00 = m22 * m00;
        double nm00 = (m11m22 - m12m21) * s;
        double nm01 = (m21m02 - m22m01) * s;
        double nm02 = (m12m01 - m11m02) * s;
        double nm10 = (m12m20 - m10m22) * s;
        double nm11 = (m22m00 - m20m02) * s;
        double nm12 = (m10m02 - m12m00) * s;
        double nm20 = (m10m21 - m11m20) * s;
        double nm21 = (m20m01 - m21m00) * s;
        double nm22 = (m11m00 - m10m01) * s;
        double nm30 = (m10m22 * m31 - m10m21 * m32 + m11m20 * m32 - m11m22 * m30 + m12m21 * m30 - m12m20 * m31) * s;
        double nm31 = (m20m02 * m31 - m20m01 * m32 + m21m00 * m32 - m21m02 * m30 + m22m01 * m30 - m22m00 * m31) * s;
        double nm32 = (m11m02 * m30 - m12m01 * m30 + m12m00 * m31 - m10m02 * m31 + m10m01 * m32 - m11m00 * m32) * s;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Invert this matrix by assuming that it is an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation (i.e. its last row is equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>).
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d invertAffine() return {
        invertAffine(this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Transpose this matrix.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d transpose() return {
        transpose(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d transpose(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.identity();
        else if (this != dest)
            return transposeNonThisGeneric(dest);
        return transposeThisGeneric(dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d transposeNonThisGeneric(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest
        ._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m10)
        ._m02(m20)
        ._m03(m30)
        ._m10(m01)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m21)
        ._m13(m31)
        ._m20(m02)
        ._m21(m12)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m32)
        ._m30(m03)
        ._m31(m13)
        ._m32(m23)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(0);
    }
    private Matrix4d transposeThisGeneric(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm10 = m01;
        double nm20 = m02;
        double nm21 = m12;
        double nm30 = m03;
        double nm31 = m13;
        double nm32 = m23;
        return dest
        ._m01(m10)
        ._m02(m20)
        ._m03(m30)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m12(m21)
        ._m13(m31)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m23(m32)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Transpose only the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this matrix.
     * <p>
     * All other matrix elements are left unchanged.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d transpose3x3() return {
        transpose3x3(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d transpose3x3(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm10 = m01, nm20 = m02, nm21 = m12;
        return dest
        ._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m10)
        ._m02(m20)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m21)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._properties(this.properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
    }

    public Matrix3d transpose3x3(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        return dest
        ._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m10)
        ._m02(m20)
        ._m10(m01)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m21)
        ._m20(m02)
        ._m21(m12)
        ._m22(m22);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a simple translation matrix.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix can be multiplied against another transformation
     * matrix to obtain an additional translation.
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the offset to translate in x
     * @param y
     *          the offset to translate in y
     * @param z
     *          the offset to translate in z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translation(double x, double y, double z) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        return this.
        _m30(x).
        _m31(y).
        _m32(z).
        _m33(1.0).
        _properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
    }


    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a simple translation matrix.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix can be multiplied against another transformation
     * matrix to obtain an additional translation.
     *
     * @param offset
     *              the offsets in x, y and z to translate
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translation(ref Vector3d offset) return {
        return translation(offset.x, offset.y, offset.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set only the translation components <code>(m30, m31, m32)</code> of this matrix to the given values <code>(x, y, z)</code>.
     * <p>
     * To build a translation matrix instead, use {@link #translation(double, double, double)}.
     * To apply a translation, use {@link #translate(double, double, double)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #translate(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the units to translate in x
     * @param y
     *          the units to translate in y
     * @param z
     *          the units to translate in z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setTranslation(double x, double y, double z) return {
        _m30(x).
        _m31(y).
        _m32(z).
        properties &= ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set only the translation components <code>(m30, m31, m32)</code> of this matrix to the given values <code>(xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z)</code>.
     * <p>
     * To build a translation matrix instead, use {@link #translation(ref Vector3d)}.
     * To apply a translation, use {@link #translate(ref Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * @see #translate(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param xyz
     *          the units to translate in <code>(x, y, z)</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setTranslation(ref Vector3d xyz) return {
        return setTranslation(xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z);
    }

    public Vector3d getTranslation(ref Vector3d dest) {
        dest.x = m30;
        dest.y = m31;
        dest.z = m32;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d getScale(ref Vector3d dest) {
        dest.x = Math.sqrt(m00 * m00 + m01 * m01 + m02 * m02);
        dest.y = Math.sqrt(m10 * m10 + m11 * m11 + m12 * m12);
        dest.z = Math.sqrt(m20 * m20 + m21 * m21 + m22 * m22);
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d get(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest.set(this);
    }

    public Matrix4x3d get4x3(ref Matrix4x3d dest) {
        return dest.set(this);
    }

    public Matrix3d get3x3(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        return dest.set(this);
    }

    public Quaterniond getUnnormalizedRotation(ref Quaterniond dest) {
        return dest.setFromUnnormalized(this);
    }

    public Quaterniond getNormalizedRotation(ref Quaterniond dest) {
        return dest.setFromNormalized(this);
    }

    // Additional functionality for D (becomes a FloatBuffer)
    public float[16] getFloatArray() {
        float[16] dest;
        dest[0]  = cast(float)m00;
        dest[1]  = cast(float)m01;
        dest[2]  = cast(float)m02;
        dest[3]  = cast(float)m03;
        dest[4]  = cast(float)m10;
        dest[5]  = cast(float)m11;
        dest[6]  = cast(float)m12;
        dest[7]  = cast(float)m13;
        dest[8]  = cast(float)m20;
        dest[9]  = cast(float)m21;
        dest[10] = cast(float)m22;
        dest[11] = cast(float)m23;
        dest[12] = cast(float)m30;
        dest[13] = cast(float)m31;
        dest[14] = cast(float)m32;
        dest[15] = cast(float)m33;
        return dest;
    }

    // Additional functionality for D (becomes a FloatBuffer)
    public float[16] getFloatArray(ref float[16] dest, int offset) {
        dest[offset+0]  = cast(float)m00;
        dest[offset+1]  = cast(float)m01;
        dest[offset+2]  = cast(float)m02;
        dest[offset+3]  = cast(float)m03;
        dest[offset+4]  = cast(float)m10;
        dest[offset+5]  = cast(float)m11;
        dest[offset+6]  = cast(float)m12;
        dest[offset+7]  = cast(float)m13;
        dest[offset+8]  = cast(float)m20;
        dest[offset+9]  = cast(float)m21;
        dest[offset+10] = cast(float)m22;
        dest[offset+11] = cast(float)m23;
        dest[offset+12] = cast(float)m30;
        dest[offset+13] = cast(float)m31;
        dest[offset+14] = cast(float)m32;
        dest[offset+15] = cast(float)m33;
        return dest;
    }

    public double[] get(ref double[] dest, int offset) {
        dest[offset+0]  = m00;
        dest[offset+1]  = m01;
        dest[offset+2]  = m02;
        dest[offset+3]  = m03;
        dest[offset+4]  = m10;
        dest[offset+5]  = m11;
        dest[offset+6]  = m12;
        dest[offset+7]  = m13;
        dest[offset+8]  = m20;
        dest[offset+9]  = m21;
        dest[offset+10] = m22;
        dest[offset+11] = m23;
        dest[offset+12] = m30;
        dest[offset+13] = m31;
        dest[offset+14] = m32;
        dest[offset+15] = m33;
        return dest;
    }

    public double[] get(ref double[] dest) {
        return get(dest, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Set all the values within this matrix to 0.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d zero() return {
        return
        _m00(0.0).
        _m01(0.0).
        _m02(0.0).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(0.0).
        _m11(0.0).
        _m12(0.0).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(0.0).
        _m21(0.0).
        _m22(0.0).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m32(0.0).
        _m33(0.0).
        _properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a simple scale matrix, which scales all axes uniformly by the given factor.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix can be multiplied against another transformation
     * matrix to obtain an additional scaling.
     * <p>
     * In order to post-multiply a scaling transformation directly to a
     * matrix, use {@link #scale(double) scale()} instead.
     * 
     * @see #scale(double)
     * 
     * @param factor
     *             the scale factor in x, y and z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaling(double factor) return {
        return scaling(factor, factor, factor);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a simple scale matrix.
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the scale in x
     * @param y
     *          the scale in y
     * @param z
     *          the scale in z         
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaling(double x, double y, double z) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            identity();
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(x) && Math.absEqualsOne(y) && Math.absEqualsOne(z);
        _m00(x).
        _m11(y).
        _m22(z).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | (one ? PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL : 0);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a simple scale matrix which scales the base axes by
     * <code>xyz.x</code>, <code>xyz.y</code> and <code>xyz.z</code>, respectively.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix can be multiplied against another transformation
     * matrix to obtain an additional scaling.
     * <p>
     * In order to post-multiply a scaling transformation directly to a
     * matrix use {@link #scale(ref Vector3d) scale()} instead.
     * 
     * @see #scale(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param xyz
     *             the scale in x, y and z, respectively
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaling(ref Vector3d xyz) return {
        return scaling(xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation matrix which rotates the given radians about a given axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">Wikipedia</a>
     * 
     * @param angle
     *          the angle in radians
     * @param x
     *          the x-coordinate of the axis to rotate about
     * @param y
     *          the y-coordinate of the axis to rotate about
     * @param z
     *          the z-coordinate of the axis to rotate about
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotation(double angle, double x, double y, double z) return {
        if (y == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(x))
            rotationX(x * angle);
        else if (x == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(y))
            rotationY(y * angle);
        else if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(z))
            rotationZ(z * angle);
        else
            rotationInternal(angle, x, y, z);
        return this;
    }
    private Matrix4d rotationInternal(double angle, double x, double y, double z) {
        double sin = Math.sin(angle);
        double cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, angle);
        double C = 1.0 - cos;
        double xy = x * y, xz = x * z, yz = y * z;
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        _m00(cos + x * x * C).
        _m10(xy * C - z * sin).
        _m20(xz * C + y * sin).
        _m01(xy * C + z * sin).
        _m11(cos + y * y * C).
        _m21(yz * C - x * sin).
        _m02(xz * C - y * sin).
        _m12(yz * C + x * sin).
        _m22(cos + z * z * C).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Basic_rotations">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationX(double ang) return {
        double sin, cos;
        sin = Math.sin(ang);
        cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        _m11(cos).
        _m12(sin).
        _m21(-sin).
        _m22(cos).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation about the Y axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Basic_rotations">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationY(double ang) return {
        double sin, cos;
        sin = Math.sin(ang);
        cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        _m00(cos).
        _m02(-sin).
        _m20(sin).
        _m22(cos).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Basic_rotations">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationZ(double ang) return {
        double sin, cos;
        sin = Math.sin(ang);
        cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        _m00(cos).
        _m01(sin).
        _m10(-sin).
        _m11(cos).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation about the Z axis to align the local <code>+X</code> towards <code>(dirX, dirY)</code>.
     * <p>
     * The vector <code>(dirX, dirY)</code> must be a unit vector.
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *            the x component of the normalized direction
     * @param dirY
     *            the y component of the normalized direction
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationTowardsXY(double dirX, double dirY) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        setm00(dirY);
        setm01(dirX);
        setm10(-dirX);
        setm11(dirY);
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis, followed by a rotation
     * of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotationX(angleX).rotateY(angleY).rotateZ(angleZ)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationXYZ(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ) return {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();

        // rotateX
        double nm11 = cosX;
        double nm12 = sinX;
        double nm21 = m_sinX;
        double nm22 = cosX;
        // rotateY
        double nm00 = cosY;
        double nm01 = nm21 * m_sinY;
        double nm02 = nm22 * m_sinY;
        _m20(sinY).
        _m21(nm21 * cosY).
        _m22(nm22 * cosY).
        // rotateZ
        _m00(nm00 * cosZ).
        _m01(nm01 * cosZ + nm11 * sinZ).
        _m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ).
        _m10(nm00 * m_sinZ).
        _m11(nm01 * m_sinZ + nm11 * cosZ).
        _m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis, followed by a rotation
     * of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and followed by a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotationZ(angleZ).rotateY(angleY).rotateX(angleX)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationZYX(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX) return {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();

        // rotateZ
        double nm00 = cosZ;
        double nm01 = sinZ;
        double nm10 = m_sinZ;
        double nm11 = cosZ;
        // rotateY
        double nm20 = nm00 * sinY;
        double nm21 = nm01 * sinY;
        double nm22 = cosY;
        _m00(nm00 * cosY).
        _m01(nm01 * cosY).
        _m02(m_sinY).
        // rotateX
        _m10(nm10 * cosX + nm20 * sinX).
        _m11(nm11 * cosX + nm21 * sinX).
        _m12(nm22 * sinX).
        _m20(nm10 * m_sinX + nm20 * cosX).
        _m21(nm11 * m_sinX + nm21 * cosX).
        _m22(nm22 * cosX).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis, followed by a rotation
     * of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis and followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotationY(angleY).rotateX(angleX).rotateZ(angleZ)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationYXZ(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ) return {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateY
        double nm00 = cosY;
        double nm02 = m_sinY;
        double nm20 = sinY;
        double nm22 = cosY;
        // rotateX
        double nm10 = nm20 * sinX;
        double nm11 = cosX;
        double nm12 = nm22 * sinX;
        _m20(nm20 * cosX).
        _m21(m_sinX).
        _m22(nm22 * cosX).
        _m23(0.0).
        // rotateZ
        _m00(nm00 * cosZ + nm10 * sinZ).
        _m01(nm11 * sinZ).
        _m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(nm00 * m_sinZ + nm10 * cosZ).
        _m11(nm11 * cosZ).
        _m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ).
        _m13(0.0).
        // set last column to identity
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m32(0.0).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set only the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this matrix to a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis, followed by a rotation
     * of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * 
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setRotationXYZ(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ) return {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateX
        double nm11 = cosX;
        double nm12 = sinX;
        double nm21 = m_sinX;
        double nm22 = cosX;
        // rotateY
        double nm00 = cosY;
        double nm01 = nm21 * m_sinY;
        double nm02 = nm22 * m_sinY;
        _m20(sinY).
        _m21(nm21 * cosY).
        _m22(nm22 * cosY).
        // rotateZ
        _m00(nm00 * cosZ).
        _m01(nm01 * cosZ + nm11 * sinZ).
        _m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ).
        _m10(nm00 * m_sinZ).
        _m11(nm01 * m_sinZ + nm11 * cosZ).
        _m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ).
        properties &= ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set only the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this matrix to a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis, followed by a rotation
     * of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and followed by a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * 
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setRotationZYX(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX) return {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;

        // rotateZ
        double nm00 = cosZ;
        double nm01 = sinZ;
        double nm10 = m_sinZ;
        double nm11 = cosZ;
        // rotateY
        double nm20 = nm00 * sinY;
        double nm21 = nm01 * sinY;
        double nm22 = cosY;
        _m00(nm00 * cosY).
        _m01(nm01 * cosY).
        _m02(m_sinY).
        // rotateX
        _m10(nm10 * cosX + nm20 * sinX).
        _m11(nm11 * cosX + nm21 * sinX).
        _m12(nm22 * sinX).
        _m20(nm10 * m_sinX + nm20 * cosX).
        _m21(nm11 * m_sinX + nm21 * cosX).
        _m22(nm22 * cosX).
        properties &= ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set only the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this matrix to a rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis, followed by a rotation
     * of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis and followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * 
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setRotationYXZ(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ) return {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateY
        double nm00 = cosY;
        double nm02 = m_sinY;
        double nm20 = sinY;
        double nm22 = cosY;
        // rotateX
        double nm10 = nm20 * sinX;
        double nm11 = cosX;
        double nm12 = nm22 * sinX;
        _m20(nm20 * cosX).
        _m21(m_sinX).
        _m22(nm22 * cosX).
        // rotateZ
        _m00(nm00 * cosZ + nm10 * sinZ).
        _m01(nm11 * sinZ).
        _m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ).
        _m10(nm00 * m_sinZ + nm10 * cosZ).
        _m11(nm11 * cosZ).
        _m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ).
        properties &= ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation matrix which rotates the given radians about a given axis.
     * <p>
     * The axis described by the <code>axis</code> vector needs to be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * 
     * @param angle
     *          the angle in radians
     * @param axis
     *          the axis to rotate about
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotation(double angle, Vector3d axis) return {
        return rotation(angle, axis.x, axis.y, axis.z);
    }


    public Vector4d transform(ref Vector4d v) {
        return v.mul(this);
    }

    public Vector4d transform(ref Vector4d v, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return v.mul(this, dest);
    }

    public Vector4d transform(double x, double y, double z, double w, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return dest.set(m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30 * w,
                        m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31 * w,
                        m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32 * w,
                        m03 * x + m13 * y + m23 * z + m33 * w);
    }

    public Vector4d transformTranspose(ref Vector4d v) {
        return v.mulTranspose(this);
    }
    public Vector4d transformTranspose(ref Vector4d v, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return v.mulTranspose(this, dest);
    }
    public Vector4d transformTranspose(double x, double y, double z, double w, ref Vector4d dest) {
       return dest.set(x, y, z, w).mulTranspose(this);
    }

    public Vector4d transformProject(ref Vector4d v) {
        return v.mulProject(this);
    }

    public Vector4d transformProject(ref Vector4d v, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return v.mulProject(this, dest);
    }

    public Vector4d transformProject(double x, double y, double z, double w, ref Vector4d dest) {
        double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * x + m13 * y + m23 * z + m33 * w);
        return dest.set((m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30 * w) * invW,
                        (m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31 * w) * invW,
                        (m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32 * w) * invW,
                        1.0);
    }

    public Vector3d transformProject(ref Vector3d v) {
        return v.mulProject(this);
    }

    public Vector3d transformProject(ref Vector3d v, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return v.mulProject(this, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d transformProject(double x, double y, double z, ref Vector3d dest) {
        double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * x + m13 * y + m23 * z + m33);
        return dest.set((m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30) * invW,
                        (m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31) * invW,
                        (m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32) * invW);
    }

    public Vector3d transformProject(ref Vector4d v, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return v.mulProject(this, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d transformProject(double x, double y, double z, double w, ref Vector3d dest) {
        dest.x = x;
        dest.y = y;
        dest.z = z;
        return dest.mulProject(this, w, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d transformPosition(ref Vector3d dest) {
        return dest.set(m00 * dest.x + m10 * dest.y + m20 * dest.z + m30,
                        m01 * dest.x + m11 * dest.y + m21 * dest.z + m31,
                        m02 * dest.x + m12 * dest.y + m22 * dest.z + m32);
    }

    public Vector3d transformPosition(ref Vector3d v, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return transformPosition(v.x, v.y, v.z, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d transformPosition(double x, double y, double z, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return dest.set(m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30,
                        m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31,
                        m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32);
    }

    public Vector3d transformDirection(ref Vector3d dest) {
        return dest.set(m00 * dest.x + m10 * dest.y + m20 * dest.z,
                        m01 * dest.x + m11 * dest.y + m21 * dest.z,
                        m02 * dest.x + m12 * dest.y + m22 * dest.z);
    }

    public Vector3d transformDirection(ref Vector3d v, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return dest.set(m00 * v.x + m10 * v.y + m20 * v.z,
                        m01 * v.x + m11 * v.y + m21 * v.z,
                        m02 * v.x + m12 * v.y + m22 * v.z);
    }

    public Vector3d transformDirection(double x, double y, double z, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return dest.set(m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z,
                        m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z,
                        m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z);
    }

    public Vector4d transformAffine(ref Vector4d dest) {
        return dest.mulAffine(this, dest);
    }

    public Vector4d transformAffine(ref Vector4d v, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return transformAffine(v.x, v.y, v.z, v.w, dest);
    }

    public Vector4d transformAffine(double x, double y, double z, double w, ref Vector4d dest) {
        double rx = m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30 * w;
        double ry = m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31 * w;
        double rz = m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32 * w;
        dest.x = rx;
        dest.y = ry;
        dest.z = rz;
        dest.w = w;
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Set the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this {@link Matrix4d} to the given {@link Matrix3d} and don't change the other elements.
     * 
     * @param mat
     *          the 3x3 matrix
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set3x3(Matrix3d mat) return {
        return
        _m00(mat.m00).
        _m01(mat.m01).
        _m02(mat.m02).
        _m10(mat.m10).
        _m11(mat.m11).
        _m12(mat.m12).
        _m20(mat.m20).
        _m21(mat.m21).
        _m22(mat.m22).
        _properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    public Matrix4d scale(ref Vector3d xyz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return scale(xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply scaling to this matrix by scaling the base axes by the given <code>xyz.x</code>,
     * <code>xyz.y</code> and <code>xyz.z</code> factors, respectively.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param xyz
     *            the factors of the x, y and z component, respectively
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scale(ref Vector3d xyz) return {
        scale(xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d scale(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.scaling(x, y, z);
        return scaleGeneric(x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d scaleGeneric(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(x) && Math.absEqualsOne(y) && Math.absEqualsOne(z);
        dest._m00(m00 * x)
        ._m01(m01 * x)
        ._m02(m02 * x)
        ._m03(m03 * x)
        ._m10(m10 * y)
        ._m11(m11 * y)
        ._m12(m12 * y)
        ._m13(m13 * y)
        ._m20(m20 * z)
        ._m21(m21 * z)
        ._m22(m22 * z)
        ._m23(m23 * z)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties
                & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | (one ? 0 : PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL)));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply scaling to <code>this</code> matrix by scaling the base axes by the given x,
     * y and z factors.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>
     * , the scaling will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param x
     *            the factor of the x component
     * @param y
     *            the factor of the y component
     * @param z
     *            the factor of the z component
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scale(double x, double y, double z) return {
        scale(x, y, z, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d scale(double xyz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return scale(xyz, xyz, xyz, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply scaling to this matrix by uniformly scaling all base axes by the given xyz factor.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>
     * , the scaling will be applied first!
     * 
     * @see #scale(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param xyz
     *            the factor for all components
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scale(double xyz) return {
        return scale(xyz, xyz, xyz);
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleXY(double x, double y, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return scale(x, y, 1.0, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply scaling to this matrix by scaling the X axis by <code>x</code> and the Y axis by <code>y</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param x
     *            the factor of the x component
     * @param y
     *            the factor of the y component
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleXY(double x, double y) return {
        return scale(x, y, 1.0);
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleAround(double sx, double sy, double sz, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm30 = m00 * ox + m10 * oy + m20 * oz + m30;
        double nm31 = m01 * ox + m11 * oy + m21 * oz + m31;
        double nm32 = m02 * ox + m12 * oy + m22 * oz + m32;
        double nm33 = m03 * ox + m13 * oy + m23 * oz + m33;
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(sx) && Math.absEqualsOne(sy) && Math.absEqualsOne(sz);
        return dest
        ._m00(m00 * sx)
        ._m01(m01 * sx)
        ._m02(m02 * sx)
        ._m03(m03 * sx)
        ._m10(m10 * sy)
        ._m11(m11 * sy)
        ._m12(m12 * sy)
        ._m13(m13 * sy)
        ._m20(m20 * sz)
        ._m21(m21 * sz)
        ._m22(m22 * sz)
        ._m23(m23 * sz)
        ._m30(-dest.m00 * ox - dest.m10 * oy - dest.m20 * oz + nm30)
        ._m31(-dest.m01 * ox - dest.m11 * oy - dest.m21 * oz + nm31)
        ._m32(-dest.m02 * ox - dest.m12 * oy - dest.m22 * oz + nm32)
        ._m33(-dest.m03 * ox - dest.m13 * oy - dest.m23 * oz + nm33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION
            | (one ? 0 : PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL)));
    }

    /**
     * Apply scaling to this matrix by scaling the base axes by the given sx,
     * sy and sz factors while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code> as the scaling origin.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translate(ox, oy, oz).scale(sx, sy, sz).translate(-ox, -oy, -oz)</code>
     * 
     * @param sx
     *            the scaling factor of the x component
     * @param sy
     *            the scaling factor of the y component
     * @param sz
     *            the scaling factor of the z component
     * @param ox
     *            the x coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oy
     *            the y coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oz
     *            the z coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleAround(double sx, double sy, double sz, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        scaleAround(sx, sy, sz, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply scaling to this matrix by scaling all three base axes by the given <code>factor</code>
     * while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code> as the scaling origin.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translate(ox, oy, oz).scale(factor).translate(-ox, -oy, -oz)</code>
     * 
     * @param factor
     *            the scaling factor for all three axes
     * @param ox
     *            the x coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oy
     *            the y coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oz
     *            the z coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleAround(double factor, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        scaleAround(factor, factor, factor, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleAround(double factor, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return scaleAround(factor, factor, factor, ox, oy, oz, dest);
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleLocal(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.scaling(x, y, z);
        return scaleLocalGeneric(x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d scaleLocalGeneric(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = x * m00;
        double nm01 = y * m01;
        double nm02 = z * m02;
        double nm10 = x * m10;
        double nm11 = y * m11;
        double nm12 = z * m12;
        double nm20 = x * m20;
        double nm21 = y * m21;
        double nm22 = z * m22;
        double nm30 = x * m30;
        double nm31 = y * m31;
        double nm32 = z * m32;
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(x) && Math.absEqualsOne(y) && Math.absEqualsOne(z);
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION
                | (one ? 0 : PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL)));
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleLocal(double xyz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return scaleLocal(xyz, xyz, xyz, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply scaling to this matrix by scaling the base axes by the given xyz factor.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>S * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>S * M * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied last!
     * 
     * @param xyz
     *            the factor of the x, y and z component
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleLocal(double xyz) return {
        scaleLocal(xyz, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply scaling to this matrix by scaling the base axes by the given x,
     * y and z factors.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>S * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>S * M * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied last!
     * 
     * @param x
     *            the factor of the x component
     * @param y
     *            the factor of the y component
     * @param z
     *            the factor of the z component
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleLocal(double x, double y, double z) return {
        scaleLocal(x, y, z, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleAroundLocal(double sx, double sy, double sz, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(sx) && Math.absEqualsOne(sy) && Math.absEqualsOne(sz);
        dest._m00(sx * (m00 - ox * m03) + ox * m03)
        ._m01(sy * (m01 - oy * m03) + oy * m03)
        ._m02(sz * (m02 - oz * m03) + oz * m03)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(sx * (m10 - ox * m13) + ox * m13)
        ._m11(sy * (m11 - oy * m13) + oy * m13)
        ._m12(sz * (m12 - oz * m13) + oz * m13)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(sx * (m20 - ox * m23) + ox * m23)
        ._m21(sy * (m21 - oy * m23) + oy * m23)
        ._m22(sz * (m22 - oz * m23) + oz * m23)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(sx * (m30 - ox * m33) + ox * m33)
        ._m31(sy * (m31 - oy * m33) + oy * m33)
        ._m32(sz * (m32 - oz * m33) + oz * m33)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION
                | (one ? 0 : PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL)));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply scaling to this matrix by scaling the base axes by the given sx,
     * sy and sz factors while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code> as the scaling origin.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>S * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>S * M * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>new Matrix4d().translate(ox, oy, oz).scale(sx, sy, sz).translate(-ox, -oy, -oz).mul(this, this)</code>
     * 
     * @param sx
     *            the scaling factor of the x component
     * @param sy
     *            the scaling factor of the y component
     * @param sz
     *            the scaling factor of the z component
     * @param ox
     *            the x coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oy
     *            the y coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oz
     *            the z coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleAroundLocal(double sx, double sy, double sz, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        scaleAroundLocal(sx, sy, sz, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply scaling to this matrix by scaling all three base axes by the given <code>factor</code>
     * while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code> as the scaling origin.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the scaling matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>S * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>S * M * v</code>, the
     * scaling will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>new Matrix4d().translate(ox, oy, oz).scale(factor).translate(-ox, -oy, -oz).mul(this, this)</code>
     * 
     * @param factor
     *            the scaling factor for all three axes
     * @param ox
     *            the x coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oy
     *            the y coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @param oz
     *            the z coordinate of the scaling origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d scaleAroundLocal(double factor, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        scaleAroundLocal(factor, factor, factor, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d scaleAroundLocal(double factor, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return scaleAroundLocal(factor, factor, factor, ox, oy, oz, dest);
    }

    public Matrix4d rotate(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotation(ang, x, y, z);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0)
            return rotateTranslation(ang, x, y, z, dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return rotateAffine(ang, x, y, z, dest);
        return rotateGeneric(ang, x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateGeneric(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if (y == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(x))
            return rotateX(x * ang, dest);
        else if (x == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(y))
            return rotateY(y * ang, dest);
        else if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(z))
            return rotateZ(z * ang, dest);
        return rotateGenericInternal(ang, x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateGenericInternal(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double s = Math.sin(ang);
        double c = Math.cosFromSin(s, ang);
        double C = 1.0 - c;
        double xx = x * x, xy = x * y, xz = x * z;
        double yy = y * y, yz = y * z;
        double zz = z * z;
        double rm00 = xx * C + c;
        double rm01 = xy * C + z * s;
        double rm02 = xz * C - y * s;
        double rm10 = xy * C - z * s;
        double rm11 = yy * C + c;
        double rm12 = yz * C + x * s;
        double rm20 = xz * C + y * s;
        double rm21 = yz * C - x * s;
        double rm22 = zz * C + c;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        dest._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the given axis specified as x, y and z components.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>
     * , the rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without post-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation()}.
     * 
     * @see #rotation(double, double, double, double)
     *  
     * @param ang
     *            the angle is in radians
     * @param x
     *            the x component of the axis
     * @param y
     *            the y component of the axis
     * @param z
     *            the z component of the axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotate(double ang, double x, double y, double z) return {
        rotate(ang, x, y, z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation to this matrix, which is assumed to only contain a translation, by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the specified <code>(x, y, z)</code> axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to only contain a translation.
     * <p>
     * The axis described by the three components needs to be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without post-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @param x
     *            the x component of the axis
     * @param y
     *            the y component of the axis
     * @param z
     *            the z component of the axis
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateTranslation(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double tx = m30, ty = m31, tz = m32;
        if (y == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(x))
            return dest.rotationX(x * ang).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        else if (x == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(y))
            return dest.rotationY(y * ang).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        else if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(z))
            return dest.rotationZ(z * ang).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        return rotateTranslationInternal(ang, x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateTranslationInternal(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double s = Math.sin(ang);
        double c = Math.cosFromSin(s, ang);
        double C = 1.0 - c;
        double xx = x * x, xy = x * y, xz = x * z;
        double yy = y * y, yz = y * z;
        double zz = z * z;
        double rm00 = xx * C + c;
        double rm01 = xy * C + z * s;
        double rm02 = xz * C - y * s;
        double rm10 = xy * C - z * s;
        double rm11 = yy * C + c;
        double rm12 = yz * C + x * s;
        double rm20 = xz * C + y * s;
        double rm21 = yz * C - x * s;
        double rm22 = zz * C + c;
        return dest
        ._m20(rm20)
        ._m21(rm21)
        ._m22(rm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m00(rm00)
        ._m01(rm01)
        ._m02(rm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(rm10)
        ._m11(rm11)
        ._m12(rm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation to this {@link #isAffine() affine} matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the specified <code>(x, y, z)</code> axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to be {@link #isAffine() affine}.
     * <p>
     * The axis described by the three components needs to be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without post-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @param x
     *            the x component of the axis
     * @param y
     *            the y component of the axis
     * @param z
     *            the z component of the axis
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateAffine(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if (y == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(x))
            return rotateX(x * ang, dest);
        else if (x == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(y))
            return rotateY(y * ang, dest);
        else if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(z))
            return rotateZ(z * ang, dest);
        return rotateAffineInternal(ang, x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateAffineInternal(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double s = Math.sin(ang);
        double c = Math.cosFromSin(s, ang);
        double C = 1.0 - c;
        double xx = x * x, xy = x * y, xz = x * z;
        double yy = y * y, yz = y * z;
        double zz = z * z;
        double rm00 = xx * C + c;
        double rm01 = xy * C + z * s;
        double rm02 = xz * C - y * s;
        double rm10 = xy * C - z * s;
        double rm11 = yy * C + c;
        double rm12 = yz * C + x * s;
        double rm20 = xz * C + y * s;
        double rm21 = yz * C - x * s;
        double rm22 = zz * C + c;
        // add temporaries for dependent values
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        // set non-dependent values directly
        dest._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        // set other values
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation to this {@link #isAffine() affine} matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the specified <code>(x, y, z)</code> axis.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to be {@link #isAffine() affine}.
     * <p>
     * The axis described by the three components needs to be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without post-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @param x
     *            the x component of the axis
     * @param y
     *            the y component of the axis
     * @param z
     *            the z component of the axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAffine(double ang, double x, double y, double z) return {
        rotateAffine(ang, x, y, z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply the rotation transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code> as the rotation origin.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * Q</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * Q * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translate(ox, oy, oz).rotate(quat).translate(-ox, -oy, -oz)</code>
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param ox
     *          the x coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @param oy
     *          the y coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @param oz
     *          the z coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAround(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        rotateAround(quat, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateAroundAffine(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        double rm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double rm01 = dxy + dzw;
        double rm02 = dxz - dyw;
        double rm10 = -dzw + dxy;
        double rm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double rm12 = dyz + dxw;
        double rm20 = dyw + dxz;
        double rm21 = dyz - dxw;
        double rm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double tm30 = m00 * ox + m10 * oy + m20 * oz + m30;
        double tm31 = m01 * ox + m11 * oy + m21 * oz + m31;
        double tm32 = m02 * ox + m12 * oy + m22 * oz + m32;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        dest
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m30(-nm00 * ox - nm10 * oy - m20 * oz + tm30)
        ._m31(-nm01 * ox - nm11 * oy - m21 * oz + tm31)
        ._m32(-nm02 * ox - nm12 * oy - m22 * oz + tm32)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateAround(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return rotationAround(quat, ox, oy, oz);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return rotateAroundAffine(quat, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return rotateAroundGeneric(quat, ox, oy, oz, this);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateAroundGeneric(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        double rm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double rm01 = dxy + dzw;
        double rm02 = dxz - dyw;
        double rm10 = -dzw + dxy;
        double rm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double rm12 = dyz + dxw;
        double rm20 = dyw + dxz;
        double rm21 = dyz - dxw;
        double rm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double tm30 = m00 * ox + m10 * oy + m20 * oz + m30;
        double tm31 = m01 * ox + m11 * oy + m21 * oz + m31;
        double tm32 = m02 * ox + m12 * oy + m22 * oz + m32;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        dest
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m30(-nm00 * ox - nm10 * oy - m20 * oz + tm30)
        ._m31(-nm01 * ox - nm11 * oy - m21 * oz + tm31)
        ._m32(-nm02 * ox - nm12 * oy - m22 * oz + tm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a transformation composed of a rotation of the specified {@link Quaterniond} while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code> as the rotation origin.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(ox, oy, oz).rotate(quat).translate(-ox, -oy, -oz)</code>
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param ox
     *          the x coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @param oy
     *          the y coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @param oz
     *          the z coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationAround(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        this._m20(dyw + dxz);
        this._m21(dyz - dxw);
        this._m22(z2 - y2 - x2 + w2);
        this._m23(0.0);
        this._m00(w2 + x2 - z2 - y2);
        this._m01(dxy + dzw);
        this._m02(dxz - dyw);
        this._m03(0.0);
        this._m10(-dzw + dxy);
        this._m11(y2 - z2 + w2 - x2);
        this._m12(dyz + dxw);
        this._m13(0.0);
        this._m30(-m00 * ox - m10 * oy - m20 * oz + ox);
        this._m31(-m01 * ox - m11 * oy - m21 * oz + oy);
        this._m32(-m02 * ox - m12 * oy - m22 * oz + oz);
        this._m33(1.0);
        this.properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the specified <code>(x, y, z)</code> axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * The axis described by the three components needs to be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @param x
     *            the x component of the axis
     * @param y
     *            the y component of the axis
     * @param z
     *            the z component of the axis
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateLocal(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotation(ang, x, y, z);
        return rotateLocalGeneric(ang, x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateLocalGeneric(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if (y == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(x))
            return rotateLocalX(x * ang, dest);
        else if (x == 0.0 && z == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(y))
            return rotateLocalY(y * ang, dest);
        else if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0 && Math.absEqualsOne(z))
            return rotateLocalZ(z * ang, dest);
        return rotateLocalGenericInternal(ang, x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateLocalGenericInternal(double ang, double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double s = Math.sin(ang);
        double c = Math.cosFromSin(s, ang);
        double C = 1.0 - c;
        double xx = x * x, xy = x * y, xz = x * z;
        double yy = y * y, yz = y * z;
        double zz = z * z;
        double lm00 = xx * C + c;
        double lm01 = xy * C + z * s;
        double lm02 = xz * C - y * s;
        double lm10 = xy * C - z * s;
        double lm11 = yy * C + c;
        double lm12 = yz * C + x * s;
        double lm20 = xz * C + y * s;
        double lm21 = yz * C - x * s;
        double lm22 = zz * C + c;
        double nm00 = lm00 * m00 + lm10 * m01 + lm20 * m02;
        double nm01 = lm01 * m00 + lm11 * m01 + lm21 * m02;
        double nm02 = lm02 * m00 + lm12 * m01 + lm22 * m02;
        double nm10 = lm00 * m10 + lm10 * m11 + lm20 * m12;
        double nm11 = lm01 * m10 + lm11 * m11 + lm21 * m12;
        double nm12 = lm02 * m10 + lm12 * m11 + lm22 * m12;
        double nm20 = lm00 * m20 + lm10 * m21 + lm20 * m22;
        double nm21 = lm01 * m20 + lm11 * m21 + lm21 * m22;
        double nm22 = lm02 * m20 + lm12 * m21 + lm22 * m22;
        double nm30 = lm00 * m30 + lm10 * m31 + lm20 * m32;
        double nm31 = lm01 * m30 + lm11 * m31 + lm21 * m32;
        double nm32 = lm02 * m30 + lm12 * m31 + lm22 * m32;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the specified <code>(x, y, z)</code> axis.
     * <p>
     * The axis described by the three components needs to be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotation(double, double, double, double) rotation()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @param x
     *            the x component of the axis
     * @param y
     *            the y component of the axis
     * @param z
     *            the z component of the axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateLocal(double ang, double x, double y, double z) return {
        rotateLocal(ang, x, y, z, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateAroundLocal(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w;
        double x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y;
        double z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w;
        double xy = quat.x * quat.y;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z;
        double yw = quat.y * quat.w;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z;
        double xw = quat.x * quat.w;
        double lm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double lm01 = xy + zw + zw + xy;
        double lm02 = xz - yw + xz - yw;
        double lm10 = -zw + xy - zw + xy;
        double lm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double lm12 = yz + yz + xw + xw;
        double lm20 = yw + xz + xz + yw;
        double lm21 = yz + yz - xw - xw;
        double lm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double tm00 = m00 - ox * m03;
        double tm01 = m01 - oy * m03;
        double tm02 = m02 - oz * m03;
        double tm10 = m10 - ox * m13;
        double tm11 = m11 - oy * m13;
        double tm12 = m12 - oz * m13;
        double tm20 = m20 - ox * m23;
        double tm21 = m21 - oy * m23;
        double tm22 = m22 - oz * m23;
        double tm30 = m30 - ox * m33;
        double tm31 = m31 - oy * m33;
        double tm32 = m32 - oz * m33;
        dest._m00(lm00 * tm00 + lm10 * tm01 + lm20 * tm02 + ox * m03)
        ._m01(lm01 * tm00 + lm11 * tm01 + lm21 * tm02 + oy * m03)
        ._m02(lm02 * tm00 + lm12 * tm01 + lm22 * tm02 + oz * m03)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(lm00 * tm10 + lm10 * tm11 + lm20 * tm12 + ox * m13)
        ._m11(lm01 * tm10 + lm11 * tm11 + lm21 * tm12 + oy * m13)
        ._m12(lm02 * tm10 + lm12 * tm11 + lm22 * tm12 + oz * m13)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(lm00 * tm20 + lm10 * tm21 + lm20 * tm22 + ox * m23)
        ._m21(lm01 * tm20 + lm11 * tm21 + lm21 * tm22 + oy * m23)
        ._m22(lm02 * tm20 + lm12 * tm21 + lm22 * tm22 + oz * m23)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(lm00 * tm30 + lm10 * tm31 + lm20 * tm32 + ox * m33)
        ._m31(lm01 * tm30 + lm11 * tm31 + lm21 * tm32 + oy * m33)
        ._m32(lm02 * tm30 + lm12 * tm31 + lm22 * tm32 + oz * m33)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix while using <code>(ox, oy, oz)</code>
     * as the rotation origin.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>Q * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>Q * M * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translateLocal(-ox, -oy, -oz).rotateLocal(quat).translateLocal(ox, oy, oz)</code>
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param ox
     *          the x coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @param oy
     *          the y coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @param oz
     *          the z coordinate of the rotation origin
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAroundLocal(ref Quaterniond quat, double ox, double oy, double oz) return {
        rotateAroundLocal(quat, ox, oy, oz, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>M * T</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>M * T * v</code>, the translation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without post-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(ref Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param offset
     *          the number of units in x, y and z by which to translate
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translate(ref Vector3d offset) return {
        return translate(offset.x, offset.y, offset.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>M * T</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>M * T * v</code>, the translation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without post-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(ref Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param offset
     *          the number of units in x, y and z by which to translate
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d translate(ref Vector3d offset, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return translate(offset.x, offset.y, offset.z, dest);
    }



    /**
     * Apply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>M * T</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>M * T * v</code>, the translation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without post-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(double, double, double)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the offset to translate in x
     * @param y
     *          the offset to translate in y
     * @param z
     *          the offset to translate in z
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d translate(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.translation(x, y, z);
        return translateGeneric(x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d translateGeneric(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m01)
        ._m02(m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(Math.fma(m00, x, Math.fma(m10, y, Math.fma(m20, z, m30))))
        ._m31(Math.fma(m01, x, Math.fma(m11, y, Math.fma(m21, z, m31))))
        ._m32(Math.fma(m02, x, Math.fma(m12, y, Math.fma(m22, z, m32))))
        ._m33(Math.fma(m03, x, Math.fma(m13, y, Math.fma(m23, z, m33))))
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>M * T</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>M * T * v</code>, the translation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without post-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(double, double, double)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the offset to translate in x
     * @param y
     *          the offset to translate in y
     * @param z
     *          the offset to translate in z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translate(double x, double y, double z) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return translation(x, y, z);
        this._m30(Math.fma(m00, x, Math.fma(m10, y, Math.fma(m20, z, m30))));
        this._m31(Math.fma(m01, x, Math.fma(m11, y, Math.fma(m21, z, m31))));
        this._m32(Math.fma(m02, x, Math.fma(m12, y, Math.fma(m22, z, m32))));
        this._m33(Math.fma(m03, x, Math.fma(m13, y, Math.fma(m23, z, m33))));
        this.properties &= ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>T * M</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>T * M * v</code>, the translation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without pre-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(ref Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param offset
     *          the number of units in x, y and z by which to translate
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translateLocal(ref Vector3d offset) return {
        return translateLocal(offset.x, offset.y, offset.z);
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>T * M</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>T * M * v</code>, the translation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without pre-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(ref Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param offset
     *          the number of units in x, y and z by which to translate
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d translateLocal(ref Vector3d offset, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return translateLocal(offset.x, offset.y, offset.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>T * M</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>T * M * v</code>, the translation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without pre-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(double, double, double)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the offset to translate in x
     * @param y
     *          the offset to translate in y
     * @param z
     *          the offset to translate in z
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d translateLocal(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.translation(x, y, z);
        return translateLocalGeneric(x, y, z, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d translateLocalGeneric(double x, double y, double z, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm00 = m00 + x * m03;
        double nm01 = m01 + y * m03;
        double nm02 = m02 + z * m03;
        double nm10 = m10 + x * m13;
        double nm11 = m11 + y * m13;
        double nm12 = m12 + z * m13;
        double nm20 = m20 + x * m23;
        double nm21 = m21 + y * m23;
        double nm22 = m22 + z * m23;
        double nm30 = m30 + x * m33;
        double nm31 = m31 + y * m33;
        double nm32 = m32 + z * m33;
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY));
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a translation to this matrix by translating by the given number of
     * units in x, y and z.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the translation
     * matrix, then the new matrix will be <code>T * M</code>. So when
     * transforming a vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using
     * <code>T * M * v</code>, the translation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a translation transformation without pre-multiplying
     * it, use {@link #translation(double, double, double)}.
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the offset to translate in x
     * @param y
     *          the offset to translate in y
     * @param z
     *          the offset to translate in z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translateLocal(double x, double y, double z) return {
        translateLocal(x, y, z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation around the X axis to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the X axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotationX(double) rotationX()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotationX(double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians to rotate about the X axis
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateLocalX(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sin = Math.sin(ang);
        double cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        double nm02 = sin * m01 + cos * m02;
        double nm12 = sin * m11 + cos * m12;
        double nm22 = sin * m21 + cos * m22;
        double nm32 = sin * m31 + cos * m32;
        dest
        ._m00(m00)
        ._m01(cos * m01 - sin * m02)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10)
        ._m11(cos * m11 - sin * m12)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(cos * m21 - sin * m22)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(cos * m31 - sin * m32)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotationX(double) rotationX()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotationX(double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians to rotate about the X axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateLocalX(double ang) return {
        rotateLocalX(ang, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation around the Y axis to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the Y axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotationY(double) rotationY()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotationY(double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians to rotate about the Y axis
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateLocalY(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sin = Math.sin(ang);
        double cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        double nm02 = -sin * m00 + cos * m02;
        double nm12 = -sin * m10 + cos * m12;
        double nm22 = -sin * m20 + cos * m22;
        double nm32 = -sin * m30 + cos * m32;
        dest
        ._m00(cos * m00 + sin * m02)
        ._m01(m01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(cos * m10 + sin * m12)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(cos * m20 + sin * m22)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(cos * m30 + sin * m32)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians about the Y axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotationY(double) rotationY()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotationY(double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians to rotate about the Y axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateLocalY(double ang) return {
        rotateLocalY(ang, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation around the Z axis to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians
     * about the Z axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotationZ(double) rotationZ()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotationZ(double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians to rotate about the Z axis
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateLocalZ(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sin = Math.sin(ang);
        double cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        double nm01 = sin * m00 + cos * m01;
        double nm11 = sin * m10 + cos * m11;
        double nm21 = sin * m20 + cos * m21;
        double nm31 = sin * m30 + cos * m31;
        dest
        ._m00(cos * m00 - sin * m01)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(cos * m10 - sin * m11)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(cos * m20 - sin * m21)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(cos * m30 - sin * m31)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply a rotation to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>R * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>R * M * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation matrix without pre-multiplying the rotation
     * transformation, use {@link #rotationZ(double) rotationY()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Rotation_matrix_from_axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotationY(double)
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians to rotate about the Z axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateLocalZ(double ang) return {
        rotateLocalZ(ang, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateX(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationX(ang);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double x = m30, y = m31, z = m32;
            return dest.rotationX(ang).setTranslation(x, y, z);
        }
        return rotateXInternal(ang, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateXInternal(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sin, cos;
        sin = Math.sin(ang);
        cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        double rm11 = cos;
        double rm12 = sin;
        double rm21 = -sin;
        double rm22 = cos;

        // add temporaries for dependent values
        double nm10 = m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        // set non-dependent values directly
        dest._m20(m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        // set other values
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m01)
        ._m02(m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation about the X axis to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Basic_rotations">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateX(double ang) return {
        rotateX(ang, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateY(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationY(ang);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double x = m30, y = m31, z = m32;
            return dest.rotationY(ang).setTranslation(x, y, z);
        }
        return rotateYInternal(ang, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateYInternal(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sin, cos;
        sin = Math.sin(ang);
        cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        double rm00 = cos;
        double rm02 = -sin;
        double rm20 = sin;
        double rm22 = cos;

        // add temporaries for dependent values
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m23 * rm02;
        // set non-dependent values directly
        dest._m20(m00 * rm20 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m23 * rm22)
        // set other values
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(m10)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation about the Y axis to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Basic_rotations">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateY(double ang) return {
        rotateY(ang, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateZ(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationZ(ang);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double x = m30, y = m31, z = m32;
            return dest.rotationZ(ang).setTranslation(x, y, z);
        }
        return rotateZInternal(ang, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateZInternal(double ang, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sin = Math.sin(ang);
        double cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, ang);
        return rotateTowardsXY(sin, cos, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation about the Z axis to this matrix by rotating the given amount of radians.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Basic_rotations">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @param ang
     *            the angle in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateZ(double ang) return {
        rotateZ(ang, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation about the Z axis to align the local <code>+X</code> towards <code>(dirX, dirY)</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * The vector <code>(dirX, dirY)</code> must be a unit vector.
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *            the x component of the normalized direction
     * @param dirY
     *            the y component of the normalized direction
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateTowardsXY(double dirX, double dirY) return {
        rotateTowardsXY(dirX, dirY, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateTowardsXY(double dirX, double dirY, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationTowardsXY(dirX, dirY);
        double rm00 = dirY;
        double rm01 = dirX;
        double rm10 = -dirX;
        double rm11 = dirY;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01;
        dest._m10(m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angles.x</code> radians about the X axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angles.y</code> radians about the Y axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angles.z</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateX(angles.x).rotateY(angles.y).rotateZ(angles.z)</code>
     * 
     * @param angles
     *            the Euler angles
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateXYZ(ref Vector3d angles) return {
        return rotateXYZ(angles.x, angles.y, angles.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateX(angleX).rotateY(angleY).rotateZ(angleZ)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateXYZ(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ) return {
        rotateXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateXYZ(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double tx = m30, ty = m31, tz = m32;
            return dest.rotationXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        } else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return dest.rotateAffineXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ);
        return rotateXYZInternal(angleX, angleY, angleZ, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateXYZInternal(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateX
        double nm10 = m10 * cosX + m20 * sinX;
        double nm11 = m11 * cosX + m21 * sinX;
        double nm12 = m12 * cosX + m22 * sinX;
        double nm13 = m13 * cosX + m23 * sinX;
        double nm20 = m10 * m_sinX + m20 * cosX;
        double nm21 = m11 * m_sinX + m21 * cosX;
        double nm22 = m12 * m_sinX + m22 * cosX;
        double nm23 = m13 * m_sinX + m23 * cosX;
        // rotateY
        double nm00 = m00 * cosY + nm20 * m_sinY;
        double nm01 = m01 * cosY + nm21 * m_sinY;
        double nm02 = m02 * cosY + nm22 * m_sinY;
        double nm03 = m03 * cosY + nm23 * m_sinY;
        dest._m20(m00 * sinY + nm20 * cosY)
        ._m21(m01 * sinY + nm21 * cosY)
        ._m22(m02 * sinY + nm22 * cosY)
        ._m23(m03 * sinY + nm23 * cosY)
        // rotateZ
        ._m00(nm00 * cosZ + nm10 * sinZ)
        ._m01(nm01 * cosZ + nm11 * sinZ)
        ._m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ)
        ._m03(nm03 * cosZ + nm13 * sinZ)
        ._m10(nm00 * m_sinZ + nm10 * cosZ)
        ._m11(nm01 * m_sinZ + nm11 * cosZ)
        ._m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ)
        ._m13(nm03 * m_sinZ + nm13 * cosZ)
        // copy last column from 'this'
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes that <code>this</code> matrix represents an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation (i.e. its last row is equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * and can be used to speed up matrix multiplication if the matrix only represents affine transformations, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing (in any combination).
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateX(angleX).rotateY(angleY).rotateZ(angleZ)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAffineXYZ(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ) return {
        rotateAffineXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateAffineXYZ(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double tx = m30, ty = m31, tz = m32;
            return dest.rotationXYZ(angleX, angleY, angleZ).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        }
        return rotateAffineXYZInternal(angleX, angleY, angleZ, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateAffineXYZInternal(double angleX, double angleY, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateX
        double nm10 = m10 * cosX + m20 * sinX;
        double nm11 = m11 * cosX + m21 * sinX;
        double nm12 = m12 * cosX + m22 * sinX;
        double nm20 = m10 * m_sinX + m20 * cosX;
        double nm21 = m11 * m_sinX + m21 * cosX;
        double nm22 = m12 * m_sinX + m22 * cosX;
        // rotateY
        double nm00 = m00 * cosY + nm20 * m_sinY;
        double nm01 = m01 * cosY + nm21 * m_sinY;
        double nm02 = m02 * cosY + nm22 * m_sinY;
        dest._m20(m00 * sinY + nm20 * cosY)
        ._m21(m01 * sinY + nm21 * cosY)
        ._m22(m02 * sinY + nm22 * cosY)
        ._m23(0.0)
        // rotateZ
        ._m00(nm00 * cosZ + nm10 * sinZ)
        ._m01(nm01 * cosZ + nm11 * sinZ)
        ._m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm00 * m_sinZ + nm10 * cosZ)
        ._m11(nm01 * m_sinZ + nm11 * cosZ)
        ._m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ)
        ._m13(0.0)
        // copy last column from 'this'
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angles.z</code> radians about the Z axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angles.y</code> radians about the Y axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angles.x</code> radians about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateZ(angles.z).rotateY(angles.y).rotateX(angles.x)</code>
     * 
     * @param angles
     *            the Euler angles
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateZYX(ref Vector3d angles) return {
        return rotateZYX(angles.z, angles.y, angles.x);
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateZ(angleZ).rotateY(angleY).rotateX(angleX)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateZYX(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX) return {
        rotateZYX(angleZ, angleY, angleX, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateZYX(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationZYX(angleZ, angleY, angleX);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double tx = m30, ty = m31, tz = m32;
            return dest.rotationZYX(angleZ, angleY, angleX).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        } else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return dest.rotateAffineZYX(angleZ, angleY, angleX);
        return rotateZYXInternal(angleZ, angleY, angleX, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateZYXInternal(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;

        // rotateZ
        double nm00 = m00 * cosZ + m10 * sinZ;
        double nm01 = m01 * cosZ + m11 * sinZ;
        double nm02 = m02 * cosZ + m12 * sinZ;
        double nm03 = m03 * cosZ + m13 * sinZ;
        double nm10 = m00 * m_sinZ + m10 * cosZ;
        double nm11 = m01 * m_sinZ + m11 * cosZ;
        double nm12 = m02 * m_sinZ + m12 * cosZ;
        double nm13 = m03 * m_sinZ + m13 * cosZ;
        // rotateY
        double nm20 = nm00 * sinY + m20 * cosY;
        double nm21 = nm01 * sinY + m21 * cosY;
        double nm22 = nm02 * sinY + m22 * cosY;
        double nm23 = nm03 * sinY + m23 * cosY;
        dest._m00(nm00 * cosY + m20 * m_sinY)
        ._m01(nm01 * cosY + m21 * m_sinY)
        ._m02(nm02 * cosY + m22 * m_sinY)
        ._m03(nm03 * cosY + m23 * m_sinY)
        // rotateX
        ._m10(nm10 * cosX + nm20 * sinX)
        ._m11(nm11 * cosX + nm21 * sinX)
        ._m12(nm12 * cosX + nm22 * sinX)
        ._m13(nm13 * cosX + nm23 * sinX)
        ._m20(nm10 * m_sinX + nm20 * cosX)
        ._m21(nm11 * m_sinX + nm21 * cosX)
        ._m22(nm12 * m_sinX + nm22 * cosX)
        ._m23(nm13 * m_sinX + nm23 * cosX)
        // copy last column from 'this'
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes that <code>this</code> matrix represents an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation (i.e. its last row is equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * and can be used to speed up matrix multiplication if the matrix only represents affine transformations, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing (in any combination).
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAffineZYX(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX) return {
        rotateAffineZYX(angleZ, angleY, angleX, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateAffineZYX(double angleZ, double angleY, double angleX, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;

        // rotateZ
        double nm00 = m00 * cosZ + m10 * sinZ;
        double nm01 = m01 * cosZ + m11 * sinZ;
        double nm02 = m02 * cosZ + m12 * sinZ;
        double nm10 = m00 * m_sinZ + m10 * cosZ;
        double nm11 = m01 * m_sinZ + m11 * cosZ;
        double nm12 = m02 * m_sinZ + m12 * cosZ;
        // rotateY
        double nm20 = nm00 * sinY + m20 * cosY;
        double nm21 = nm01 * sinY + m21 * cosY;
        double nm22 = nm02 * sinY + m22 * cosY;
        dest._m00(nm00 * cosY + m20 * m_sinY)
        ._m01(nm01 * cosY + m21 * m_sinY)
        ._m02(nm02 * cosY + m22 * m_sinY)
        ._m03(0.0)
        // rotateX
        ._m10(nm10 * cosX + nm20 * sinX)
        ._m11(nm11 * cosX + nm21 * sinX)
        ._m12(nm12 * cosX + nm22 * sinX)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(nm10 * m_sinX + nm20 * cosX)
        ._m21(nm11 * m_sinX + nm21 * cosX)
        ._m22(nm12 * m_sinX + nm22 * cosX)
        ._m23(0.0)
        // copy last column from 'this'
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angles.y</code> radians about the Y axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angles.x</code> radians about the X axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angles.z</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateY(angles.y).rotateX(angles.x).rotateZ(angles.z)</code>
     * 
     * @param angles
     *            the Euler angles
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateYXZ(ref Vector3d angles) return {
        return rotateYXZ(angles.y, angles.x, angles.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>rotateY(angleY).rotateX(angleX).rotateZ(angleZ)</code>
     * 
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateYXZ(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ) return {
        rotateYXZ(angleY, angleX, angleZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateYXZ(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotationYXZ(angleY, angleX, angleZ);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0) {
            double tx = m30, ty = m31, tz = m32;
            return dest.rotationYXZ(angleY, angleX, angleZ).setTranslation(tx, ty, tz);
        } else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return dest.rotateAffineYXZ(angleY, angleX, angleZ);
        return rotateYXZInternal(angleY, angleX, angleZ, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateYXZInternal(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateY
        double nm20 = m00 * sinY + m20 * cosY;
        double nm21 = m01 * sinY + m21 * cosY;
        double nm22 = m02 * sinY + m22 * cosY;
        double nm23 = m03 * sinY + m23 * cosY;
        double nm00 = m00 * cosY + m20 * m_sinY;
        double nm01 = m01 * cosY + m21 * m_sinY;
        double nm02 = m02 * cosY + m22 * m_sinY;
        double nm03 = m03 * cosY + m23 * m_sinY;
        // rotateX
        double nm10 = m10 * cosX + nm20 * sinX;
        double nm11 = m11 * cosX + nm21 * sinX;
        double nm12 = m12 * cosX + nm22 * sinX;
        double nm13 = m13 * cosX + nm23 * sinX;
        dest._m20(m10 * m_sinX + nm20 * cosX)
        ._m21(m11 * m_sinX + nm21 * cosX)
        ._m22(m12 * m_sinX + nm22 * cosX)
        ._m23(m13 * m_sinX + nm23 * cosX)
        // rotateZ
        ._m00(nm00 * cosZ + nm10 * sinZ)
        ._m01(nm01 * cosZ + nm11 * sinZ)
        ._m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ)
        ._m03(nm03 * cosZ + nm13 * sinZ)
        ._m10(nm00 * m_sinZ + nm10 * cosZ)
        ._m11(nm01 * m_sinZ + nm11 * cosZ)
        ._m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ)
        ._m13(nm03 * m_sinZ + nm13 * cosZ)
        // copy last column from 'this'
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply rotation of <code>angleY</code> radians about the Y axis, followed by a rotation of <code>angleX</code> radians about the X axis and
     * followed by a rotation of <code>angleZ</code> radians about the Z axis.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes that <code>this</code> matrix represents an {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation (i.e. its last row is equal to <code>(0, 0, 0, 1)</code>)
     * and can be used to speed up matrix multiplication if the matrix only represents affine transformations, such as translation, rotation, scaling and shearing (in any combination).
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * rotation will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param angleY
     *            the angle to rotate about Y
     * @param angleX
     *            the angle to rotate about X
     * @param angleZ
     *            the angle to rotate about Z
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAffineYXZ(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ) return {
        rotateAffineYXZ(angleY, angleX, angleZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d rotateAffineYXZ(double angleY, double angleX, double angleZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cosX = Math.cosFromSin(sinX, angleX);
        double sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
        double cosY = Math.cosFromSin(sinY, angleY);
        double sinZ = Math.sin(angleZ);
        double cosZ = Math.cosFromSin(sinZ, angleZ);
        double m_sinY = -sinY;
        double m_sinX = -sinX;
        double m_sinZ = -sinZ;

        // rotateY
        double nm20 = m00 * sinY + m20 * cosY;
        double nm21 = m01 * sinY + m21 * cosY;
        double nm22 = m02 * sinY + m22 * cosY;
        double nm00 = m00 * cosY + m20 * m_sinY;
        double nm01 = m01 * cosY + m21 * m_sinY;
        double nm02 = m02 * cosY + m22 * m_sinY;
        // rotateX
        double nm10 = m10 * cosX + nm20 * sinX;
        double nm11 = m11 * cosX + nm21 * sinX;
        double nm12 = m12 * cosX + nm22 * sinX;
        dest._m20(m10 * m_sinX + nm20 * cosX)
        ._m21(m11 * m_sinX + nm21 * cosX)
        ._m22(m12 * m_sinX + nm22 * cosX)
        ._m23(0.0)
        // rotateZ
        ._m00(nm00 * cosZ + nm10 * sinZ)
        ._m01(nm01 * cosZ + nm11 * sinZ)
        ._m02(nm02 * cosZ + nm12 * sinZ)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm00 * m_sinZ + nm10 * cosZ)
        ._m11(nm01 * m_sinZ + nm11 * cosZ)
        ._m12(nm02 * m_sinZ + nm12 * cosZ)
        ._m13(0.0)
        // copy last column from 'this'
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation using the given {@link AxisAngle4d}.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix can be multiplied against another transformation
     * matrix to obtain an additional rotation.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the rotation transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #rotate(ref AxisAngle4d) rotate()} instead.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     *
     * @see #rotate(ref AxisAngle4d)
     * 
     * @param angleAxis
     *          the {@link AxisAngle4d} (needs to be {@link AxisAngle4d#normalize() normalized})
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotation(ref AxisAngle4d angleAxis) return {
        return rotation(angleAxis.angle, angleAxis.x, angleAxis.y, angleAxis.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond}.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix can be multiplied against another transformation
     * matrix to obtain an additional rotation.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the rotation transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #rotate(ref Quaterniond) rotate()} instead.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotation(ref Quaterniond quat) return {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w;
        double x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y;
        double z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw;
        double xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz;
        double yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz;
        double xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        _m00(w2 + x2 - z2 - y2).
        _m01(dxy + dzw).
        _m02(dxz - dyw).
        _m10(-dzw + dxy).
        _m11(y2 - z2 + w2 - x2).
        _m12(dyz + dxw).
        _m20(dyw + dxz).
        _m21(dyz - dxw).
        _m22(z2 - y2 - x2 + w2).
        _properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
        return this;
    }


    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R * S</code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the quaternion <code>(qx, qy, qz, qw)</code>, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales the three axes x, y and z by <code>(sx, sy, sz)</code>.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the scaling transformation will be applied first, then the rotation and
     * at last the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(tx, ty, tz).rotate(quat).scale(sx, sy, sz)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * @see #scale(double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param qx
     *          the x-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qy
     *          the y-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qz
     *          the z-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qw
     *          the scalar part of the quaternion
     * @param sx
     *          the scaling factor for the x-axis
     * @param sy
     *          the scaling factor for the y-axis
     * @param sz
     *          the scaling factor for the z-axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScale(double tx, double ty, double tz, 
                                           double qx, double qy, double qz, double qw, 
                                           double sx, double sy, double sz) return {
        double dqx = qx + qx, dqy = qy + qy, dqz = qz + qz;
        double q00 = dqx * qx;
        double q11 = dqy * qy;
        double q22 = dqz * qz;
        double q01 = dqx * qy;
        double q02 = dqx * qz;
        double q03 = dqx * qw;
        double q12 = dqy * qz;
        double q13 = dqy * qw;
        double q23 = dqz * qw;
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(sx) && Math.absEqualsOne(sy) && Math.absEqualsOne(sz);
        _m00(sx - (q11 + q22) * sx).
        _m01((q01 + q23) * sx).
        _m02((q02 - q13) * sx).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10((q01 - q23) * sy).
        _m11(sy - (q22 + q00) * sy).
        _m12((q12 + q03) * sy).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20((q02 + q13) * sz).
        _m21((q12 - q03) * sz).
        _m22(sz - (q11 + q00) * sz).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(tx).
        _m31(ty).
        _m32(tz).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | (one ? PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL : 0);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R * S</code>, where <code>T</code> is the given <code>translation</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the given quaternion, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales the axes by <code>scale</code>.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the scaling transformation will be applied first, then the rotation and
     * at last the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(translation).rotate(quat).scale(scale)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * @see #scale(ref Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param translation
     *          the translation
     * @param quat
     *          the quaternion representing a rotation
     * @param scale
     *          the scaling factors
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScale(ref Vector3d translation, 
                                           Quaterniond quat, 
                                           Vector3d scale) return {
        return translationRotateScale(translation.x, translation.y, translation.z, quat.x, quat.y, quat.z, quat.w, scale.x, scale.y, scale.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R * S</code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the quaternion <code>(qx, qy, qz, qw)</code>, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales all three axes by <code>scale</code>.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the scaling transformation will be applied first, then the rotation and
     * at last the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(tx, ty, tz).rotate(quat).scale(scale)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * @see #scale(double)
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param qx
     *          the x-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qy
     *          the y-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qz
     *          the z-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qw
     *          the scalar part of the quaternion
     * @param scale
     *          the scaling factor for all three axes
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScale(double tx, double ty, double tz, 
                                           double qx, double qy, double qz, double qw, 
                                           double scale) return {
        return translationRotateScale(tx, ty, tz, qx, qy, qz, qw, scale, scale, scale);
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R * S</code>, where <code>T</code> is the given <code>translation</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the given quaternion, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales all three axes by <code>scale</code>.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the scaling transformation will be applied first, then the rotation and
     * at last the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(translation).rotate(quat).scale(scale)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * @see #scale(double)
     * 
     * @param translation
     *          the translation
     * @param quat
     *          the quaternion representing a rotation
     * @param scale
     *          the scaling factors
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScale(ref Vector3d translation, 
                                           Quaterniond quat, 
                                           double scale) return {
        return translationRotateScale(translation.x, translation.y, translation.z, quat.x, quat.y, quat.z, quat.w, scale, scale, scale);
    }


    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>(T * R * S)<sup>-1</sup></code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the quaternion <code>(qx, qy, qz, qw)</code>, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales the three axes x, y and z by <code>(sx, sy, sz)</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translationRotateScale(...).invert()</code>
     * 
     * @see #translationRotateScale(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #invert()
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param qx
     *          the x-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qy
     *          the y-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qz
     *          the z-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qw
     *          the scalar part of the quaternion
     * @param sx
     *          the scaling factor for the x-axis
     * @param sy
     *          the scaling factor for the y-axis
     * @param sz
     *          the scaling factor for the z-axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScaleInvert(double tx, double ty, double tz, 
                                                 double qx, double qy, double qz, double qw, 
                                                 double sx, double sy, double sz) return {
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(sx) && Math.absEqualsOne(sy) && Math.absEqualsOne(sz);
        if (one)
            return translationRotateInvert(tx, ty, tz, qx, qy, qz, qw);
        double nqx = -qx, nqy = -qy, nqz = -qz;
        double dqx = nqx + nqx;
        double dqy = nqy + nqy;
        double dqz = nqz + nqz;
        double q00 = dqx * nqx;
        double q11 = dqy * nqy;
        double q22 = dqz * nqz;
        double q01 = dqx * nqy;
        double q02 = dqx * nqz;
        double q03 = dqx * qw;
        double q12 = dqy * nqz;
        double q13 = dqy * qw;
        double q23 = dqz * qw;
        double isx = 1/sx, isy = 1/sy, isz = 1/sz;
        _m00(isx * (1.0 - q11 - q22)).
        _m01(isy * (q01 + q23)).
        _m02(isz * (q02 - q13)).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(isx * (q01 - q23)).
        _m11(isy * (1.0 - q22 - q00)).
        _m12(isz * (q12 + q03)).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(isx * (q02 + q13)).
        _m21(isy * (q12 - q03)).
        _m22(isz * (1.0 - q11 - q00)).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(-m00 * tx - m10 * ty - m20 * tz).
        _m31(-m01 * tx - m11 * ty - m21 * tz).
        _m32(-m02 * tx - m12 * ty - m22 * tz).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>(T * R * S)<sup>-1</sup></code>, where <code>T</code> is the given <code>translation</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the given quaternion, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales the axes by <code>scale</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translationRotateScale(...).invert()</code>
     * 
     * @see #translationRotateScale(ref Vector3d, Quaterniond, Vector3d)
     * @see #invert()
     * 
     * @param translation
     *          the translation
     * @param quat
     *          the quaternion representing a rotation
     * @param scale
     *          the scaling factors
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScaleInvert(ref Vector3d translation, 
                                                 Quaterniond quat, 
                                                 Vector3d scale) return {
        return translationRotateScaleInvert(translation.x, translation.y, translation.z, quat.x, quat.y, quat.z, quat.w, scale.x, scale.y, scale.z);
    }

    
    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>(T * R * S)<sup>-1</sup></code>, where <code>T</code> is the given <code>translation</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the given quaternion, and <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales all three axes by <code>scale</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translationRotateScale(...).invert()</code>
     * 
     * @see #translationRotateScale(ref Vector3d, Quaterniond, double)
     * @see #invert()
     * 
     * @param translation
     *          the translation
     * @param quat
     *          the quaternion representing a rotation
     * @param scale
     *          the scaling factors
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScaleInvert(ref Vector3d translation, 
                                                 Quaterniond quat, 
                                                 double scale) return {
        return translationRotateScaleInvert(translation.x, translation.y, translation.z, quat.x, quat.y, quat.z, quat.w, scale, scale, scale);
    }


    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R * S * M</code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code>,
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation specified by the quaternion <code>(qx, qy, qz, qw)</code>, <code>S</code> is a scaling transformation
     * which scales the three axes x, y and z by <code>(sx, sy, sz)</code> and <code>M</code> is an {@link #isAffine() affine} matrix.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the transformation described by <code>M</code> will be applied first, then the scaling, then rotation and
     * at last the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(tx, ty, tz).rotate(quat).scale(sx, sy, sz).mulAffine(m)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * @see #scale(double, double, double)
     * @see #mulAffine(Matrix4d)
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param qx
     *          the x-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qy
     *          the y-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qz
     *          the z-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qw
     *          the scalar part of the quaternion
     * @param sx
     *          the scaling factor for the x-axis
     * @param sy
     *          the scaling factor for the y-axis
     * @param sz
     *          the scaling factor for the z-axis
     * @param m
     *          the {@link #isAffine() affine} matrix to multiply by
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateScaleMulAffine(double tx, double ty, double tz, 
                                                    double qx, double qy, double qz, double qw, 
                                                    double sx, double sy, double sz,
                                                    Matrix4d m) return {
        double w2 = qw * qw;
        double x2 = qx * qx;
        double y2 = qy * qy;
        double z2 = qz * qz;
        double zw = qz * qw;
        double xy = qx * qy;
        double xz = qx * qz;
        double yw = qy * qw;
        double yz = qy * qz;
        double xw = qx * qw;
        double nm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double nm01 = xy + zw + zw + xy;
        double nm02 = xz - yw + xz - yw;
        double nm10 = -zw + xy - zw + xy;
        double nm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double nm12 = yz + yz + xw + xw;
        double nm20 = yw + xz + xz + yw;
        double nm21 = yz + yz - xw - xw;
        double nm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double m00 = nm00 * m.m00 + nm10 * m.m01 + nm20 * m.m02;
        double m01 = nm01 * m.m00 + nm11 * m.m01 + nm21 * m.m02;
        setm02(nm02 * m.m00 + nm12 * m.m01 + nm22 * m.m02);
        setm00(m00);
        setm01(m01);
        setm03(0.0);
        double m10 = nm00 * m.m10 + nm10 * m.m11 + nm20 * m.m12;
        double m11 = nm01 * m.m10 + nm11 * m.m11 + nm21 * m.m12;
        setm12(nm02 * m.m10 + nm12 * m.m11 + nm22 * m.m12);
        setm10(m10);
        setm11(m11);
        setm13(0.0);
        double m20 = nm00 * m.m20 + nm10 * m.m21 + nm20 * m.m22;
        double m21 = nm01 * m.m20 + nm11 * m.m21 + nm21 * m.m22;
        setm22(nm02 * m.m20 + nm12 * m.m21 + nm22 * m.m22);
        setm20(m20);
        setm21(m21);
        setm23(0.0);
        double m30 = nm00 * m.m30 + nm10 * m.m31 + nm20 * m.m32 + tx;
        double m31 = nm01 * m.m30 + nm11 * m.m31 + nm21 * m.m32 + ty;
        setm32(nm02 * m.m30 + nm12 * m.m31 + nm22 * m.m32 + tz);
        setm30(m30);
        setm31(m31);
        setm33(1.0);
        bool one = Math.absEqualsOne(sx) && Math.absEqualsOne(sy) && Math.absEqualsOne(sz);
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | (one && (m.properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0 ? PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL : 0);
        return this;
    }

   

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R</code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code> and
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation specified by the quaternion <code>(qx, qy, qz, qw)</code>.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation will be applied first and then the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(tx, ty, tz).rotate(quat)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param qx
     *          the x-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qy
     *          the y-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qz
     *          the z-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qw
     *          the scalar part of the quaternion
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotate(double tx, double ty, double tz, double qx, double qy, double qz, double qw) return {
        double w2 = qw * qw;
        double x2 = qx * qx;
        double y2 = qy * qy;
        double z2 = qz * qz;
        double zw = qz * qw;
        double xy = qx * qy;
        double xz = qx * qz;
        double yw = qy * qw;
        double yz = qy * qz;
        double xw = qx * qw;
        setm00(w2 + x2 - z2 - y2);
        setm01(xy + zw + zw + xy);
        setm02(xz - yw + xz - yw);
        setm10(-zw + xy - zw + xy);
        setm11(y2 - z2 + w2 - x2);
        setm12(yz + yz + xw + xw);
        setm20(yw + xz + xz + yw);
        setm21(yz + yz - xw - xw);
        setm22(z2 - y2 - x2 + w2);
        setm30(tx);
        setm31(ty);
        setm32(tz);
        setm33(1.0);
        this.properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R</code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code> and
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation specified by the given quaternion.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation will be applied first and then the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(tx, ty, tz).rotate(quat)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param quat
     *          the quaternion representing a rotation
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotate(double tx, double ty, double tz, Quaterniond quat) return {
        return translationRotate(tx, ty, tz, quat.x, quat.y, quat.z, quat.w);
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>T * R</code>, where <code>T</code> is the given <code>translation</code> and
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the given quaternion.
     * <p>
     * When transforming a vector by the resulting matrix the scaling transformation will be applied first, then the rotation and
     * at last the translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(translation).rotate(quat)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * @see #rotate(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param translation
     *          the translation
     * @param quat
     *          the quaternion representing a rotation
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotate(ref Vector3d translation, 
                                      Quaterniond quat) return {
        return translationRotate(translation.x, translation.y, translation.z, quat.x, quat.y, quat.z, quat.w);
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to <code>(T * R)<sup>-1</sup></code>, where <code>T</code> is a translation by the given <code>(tx, ty, tz)</code> and
     * <code>R</code> is a rotation transformation specified by the quaternion <code>(qx, qy, qz, qw)</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translationRotate(...).invert()</code>
     * 
     * @see #translationRotate(double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #invert()
     * 
     * @param tx
     *          the number of units by which to translate the x-component
     * @param ty
     *          the number of units by which to translate the y-component
     * @param tz
     *          the number of units by which to translate the z-component
     * @param qx
     *          the x-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qy
     *          the y-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qz
     *          the z-coordinate of the vector part of the quaternion
     * @param qw
     *          the scalar part of the quaternion
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateInvert(double tx, double ty, double tz, double qx, double qy, double qz, double qw) return {
        double nqx = -qx, nqy = -qy, nqz = -qz;
        double dqx = nqx + nqx;
        double dqy = nqy + nqy;
        double dqz = nqz + nqz;
        double q00 = dqx * nqx;
        double q11 = dqy * nqy;
        double q22 = dqz * nqz;
        double q01 = dqx * nqy;
        double q02 = dqx * nqz;
        double q03 = dqx * qw;
        double q12 = dqy * nqz;
        double q13 = dqy * qw;
        double q23 = dqz * qw;
        return this
        ._m00(1.0 - q11 - q22)
        ._m01(q01 + q23)
        ._m02(q02 - q13)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(q01 - q23)
        ._m11(1.0 - q22 - q00)
        ._m12(q12 + q03)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(q02 + q13)
        ._m21(q12 - q03)
        ._m22(1.0 - q11 - q00)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m30(-m00 * tx - m10 * ty - m20 * tz)
        ._m31(-m01 * tx - m11 * ty - m21 * tz)
        ._m32(-m02 * tx - m12 * ty - m22 * tz)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
    }

    

    /**
     * Apply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix and store
     * the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * Q</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * Q * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotate(ref Quaterniond quat, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.rotation(quat);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_TRANSLATION) != 0)
            return rotateTranslation(quat, dest);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return rotateAffine(quat, dest);
        return rotateGeneric(quat, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d rotateGeneric(ref Quaterniond quat, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        double rm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double rm01 = dxy + dzw;
        double rm02 = dxz - dyw;
        double rm10 = -dzw + dxy;
        double rm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double rm12 = dyz + dxw;
        double rm20 = dyw + dxz;
        double rm21 = dyz - dxw;
        double rm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        dest._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }


    /**
     * Apply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * Q</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * Q * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotate(ref Quaterniond quat) return {
        rotate(quat, this);
        return this;
    }


    /**
     * Apply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this {@link #isAffine() affine} matrix and store
     * the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to be {@link #isAffine() affine}.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * Q</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * Q * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateAffine(ref Quaterniond quat, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        double rm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double rm01 = dxy + dzw;
        double rm02 = dxz - dyw;
        double rm10 = -dzw + dxy;
        double rm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double rm12 = dyz + dxw;
        double rm20 = dyw + dxz;
        double rm21 = dyz - dxw;
        double rm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        dest._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to be {@link #isAffine() affine}.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * Q</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * Q * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateAffine(ref Quaterniond quat) return {
        rotateAffine(quat, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix, which is assumed to only contain a translation, and store
     * the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to only contain a translation.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * Q</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * Q * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateTranslation(ref Quaterniond quat, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        double rm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double rm01 = dxy + dzw;
        double rm02 = dxz - dyw;
        double rm10 = -dzw + dxy;
        double rm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double rm12 = dyz + dxw;
        double rm20 = dyw + dxz;
        double rm21 = dyz - dxw;
        double rm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        dest._m20(rm20)
        ._m21(rm21)
        ._m22(rm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m00(rm00)
        ._m01(rm01)
        ._m02(rm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(rm10)
        ._m11(rm11)
        ._m12(rm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }


    /**
     * Pre-multiply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix and store
     * the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>Q * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>Q * M * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without pre-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateLocal(ref Quaterniond quat, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double w2 = quat.w * quat.w, x2 = quat.x * quat.x;
        double y2 = quat.y * quat.y, z2 = quat.z * quat.z;
        double zw = quat.z * quat.w, dzw = zw + zw, xy = quat.x * quat.y, dxy = xy + xy;
        double xz = quat.x * quat.z, dxz = xz + xz, yw = quat.y * quat.w, dyw = yw + yw;
        double yz = quat.y * quat.z, dyz = yz + yz, xw = quat.x * quat.w, dxw = xw + xw;
        double lm00 = w2 + x2 - z2 - y2;
        double lm01 = dxy + dzw;
        double lm02 = dxz - dyw;
        double lm10 = -dzw + dxy;
        double lm11 = y2 - z2 + w2 - x2;
        double lm12 = dyz + dxw;
        double lm20 = dyw + dxz;
        double lm21 = dyz - dxw;
        double lm22 = z2 - y2 - x2 + w2;
        double nm00 = lm00 * m00 + lm10 * m01 + lm20 * m02;
        double nm01 = lm01 * m00 + lm11 * m01 + lm21 * m02;
        double nm02 = lm02 * m00 + lm12 * m01 + lm22 * m02;
        double nm03 = m03;
        double nm10 = lm00 * m10 + lm10 * m11 + lm20 * m12;
        double nm11 = lm01 * m10 + lm11 * m11 + lm21 * m12;
        double nm12 = lm02 * m10 + lm12 * m11 + lm22 * m12;
        double nm13 = m13;
        double nm20 = lm00 * m20 + lm10 * m21 + lm20 * m22;
        double nm21 = lm01 * m20 + lm11 * m21 + lm21 * m22;
        double nm22 = lm02 * m20 + lm12 * m21 + lm22 * m22;
        double nm23 = m23;
        double nm30 = lm00 * m30 + lm10 * m31 + lm20 * m32;
        double nm31 = lm01 * m30 + lm11 * m31 + lm21 * m32;
        double nm32 = lm02 * m30 + lm12 * m31 + lm22 * m32;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Pre-multiply the rotation - and possibly scaling - transformation of the given {@link Quaterniond} to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>Q</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given quaternion,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>Q * M</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>Q * M * v</code>,
     * the quaternion rotation will be applied last!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without pre-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref Quaterniond)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Quaternion">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotation(ref Quaterniond)
     * 
     * @param quat
     *          the {@link Quaterniond}
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateLocal(ref Quaterniond quat) return {
        rotateLocal(quat, this);
        return this;
    }


    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation, rotating about the given {@link AxisAngle4d}, to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>A</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given {@link AxisAngle4d},
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * A</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * A * v</code>,
     * the {@link AxisAngle4d} rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref AxisAngle4d)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotate(double, double, double, double)
     * @see #rotation(ref AxisAngle4d)
     * 
     * @param axisAngle
     *          the {@link AxisAngle4d} (needs to be {@link AxisAngle4d#normalize() normalized})
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotate(ref AxisAngle4d axisAngle) return {
        return rotate(axisAngle.angle, axisAngle.x, axisAngle.y, axisAngle.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation, rotating about the given {@link AxisAngle4d} and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>A</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given {@link AxisAngle4d},
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * A</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * A * v</code>,
     * the {@link AxisAngle4d} rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(ref AxisAngle4d)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotate(double, double, double, double)
     * @see #rotation(ref AxisAngle4d)
     * 
     * @param axisAngle
     *          the {@link AxisAngle4d} (needs to be {@link AxisAngle4d#normalize() normalized})
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotate(ref AxisAngle4d axisAngle, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return rotate(axisAngle.angle, axisAngle.x, axisAngle.y, axisAngle.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation, rotating the given radians about the specified axis, to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>A</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given angle and axis,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * A</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * A * v</code>,
     * the axis-angle rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(double, Vector3d)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotate(double, double, double, double)
     * @see #rotation(double, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param angle
     *          the angle in radians
     * @param axis
     *          the rotation axis (needs to be {@link Vector3d#normalize() normalized})
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotate(double angle, Vector3d axis) return {
        return rotate(angle, axis.x, axis.y, axis.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation, rotating the given radians about the specified axis and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * When used with a right-handed coordinate system, the produced rotation will rotate a vector 
     * counter-clockwise around the rotation axis, when viewing along the negative axis direction towards the origin.
     * When used with a left-handed coordinate system, the rotation is clockwise.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>A</code> the rotation matrix obtained from the given angle and axis,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * A</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * A * v</code>,
     * the axis-angle rotation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #rotation(double, Vector3d)}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle">http://en.wikipedia.org</a>
     * 
     * @see #rotate(double, double, double, double)
     * @see #rotation(double, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param angle
     *          the angle in radians
     * @param axis
     *          the rotation axis (needs to be {@link Vector3d#normalize() normalized})
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotate(double angle, Vector3d axis, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return rotate(angle, axis.x, axis.y, axis.z, dest);
    }

    public Vector4d getRow(int row, ref Vector4d dest) {
        switch (row) {
        case 0:
            dest.x = m00;
            dest.y = m10;
            dest.z = m20;
            dest.w = m30;
            break;
        case 1:
            dest.x = m01;
            dest.y = m11;
            dest.z = m21;
            dest.w = m31;
            break;
        case 2:
            dest.x = m02;
            dest.y = m12;
            dest.z = m22;
            dest.w = m32;
            break;
        case 3:
            dest.x = m03;
            dest.y = m13;
            dest.z = m23;
            dest.w = m33;
            break;
        default: {}
        }
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d getRow(int row, ref Vector3d dest){
        switch (row) {
        case 0:
            dest.x = m00;
            dest.y = m10;
            dest.z = m20;
            break;
        case 1:
            dest.x = m01;
            dest.y = m11;
            dest.z = m21;
            break;
        case 2:
            dest.x = m02;
            dest.y = m12;
            dest.z = m22;
            break;
        case 3:
            dest.x = m03;
            dest.y = m13;
            dest.z = m23;
            break;
        default: {}
        }
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Set the row at the given <code>row</code> index, starting with <code>0</code>.
     * 
     * @param row
     *          the row index in <code>[0..3]</code>
     * @param src
     *          the row components to set
     * @return this
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>row</code> is not in <code>[0..3]</code>
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setRow(int row, Vector4d src) return {
        switch (row) {
        case 0:
            return _m00(src.x)._m10(src.y)._m20(src.z)._m30(src.w)._properties(0);
        case 1:
            return _m01(src.x)._m11(src.y)._m21(src.z)._m31(src.w)._properties(0);
        case 2:
            return _m02(src.x)._m12(src.y)._m22(src.z)._m32(src.w)._properties(0);
        case 3:
            return _m03(src.x)._m13(src.y)._m23(src.z)._m33(src.w)._properties(0);
        default:
            return this;
        }
    }

    public Vector4d getColumn(int column, ref Vector4d dest) {
        switch (column) {
        case 0:
            dest.x = m00;
            dest.y = m01;
            dest.z = m02;
            dest.w = m03;
            break;
        case 1:
            dest.x = m10;
            dest.y = m11;
            dest.z = m12;
            dest.w = m13;
            break;
        case 2:
            dest.x = m20;
            dest.y = m21;
            dest.z = m22;
            dest.w = m23;
            break;
        case 3:
            dest.x = m30;
            dest.y = m31;
            dest.z = m32;
            dest.w = m33;
            break;
        default: {}
        }
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d getColumn(int column, ref Vector3d dest) {
        switch (column) {
        case 0:
            dest.x = m00;
            dest.y = m01;
            dest.z = m02;
            break;
        case 1:
            dest.x = m10;
            dest.y = m11;
            dest.z = m12;
            break;
        case 2:
            dest.x = m20;
            dest.y = m21;
            dest.z = m22;
            break;
        case 3:
            dest.x = m30;
            dest.y = m31;
            dest.z = m32;
            break;
        default: {}
        }
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Set the column at the given <code>column</code> index, starting with <code>0</code>.
     * 
     * @param column
     *          the column index in <code>[0..3]</code>
     * @param src
     *          the column components to set
     * @return this
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>column</code> is not in <code>[0..3]</code>
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setColumn(int column, Vector4d src) return {
        switch (column) {
        case 0:
            return _m00(src.x)._m01(src.y)._m02(src.z)._m03(src.w)._properties(0);
        case 1:
            return _m10(src.x)._m11(src.y)._m12(src.z)._m13(src.w)._properties(0);
        case 2:
            return _m20(src.x)._m21(src.y)._m22(src.z)._m23(src.w)._properties(0);
        case 3:
            return _m30(src.x)._m31(src.y)._m32(src.z)._m33(src.w)._properties(0);
        default:
            return this;
        }
    }

    public double get(int column, int row) {
        return MemUtil.get(this, column, row);
    }

    /**
     * Set the matrix element at the given column and row to the specified value.
     * 
     * @param column
     *          the colum index in <code>[0..3]</code>
     * @param row
     *          the row index in <code>[0..3]</code>
     * @param value
     *          the value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d set(int column, int row, double value) return {
        MemUtil.set(this, column, row, value);
        return this;
    }

    public double getRowColumn(int row, int column) {
        return MemUtil.get(this, column, row);
    }

    /**
     * Set the matrix element at the given row and column to the specified value.
     * 
     * @param row
     *          the row index in <code>[0..3]</code>
     * @param column
     *          the colum index in <code>[0..3]</code>
     * @param value
     *          the value
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setRowColumn(int row, int column, double value) return {
        MemUtil.set(this, column, row, value);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute a normal matrix from the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>
     * and store it into the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>.
     * All other values of <code>this</code> will be set to {@link #identity() identity}.
     * <p>
     * The normal matrix of <code>m</code> is the transpose of the inverse of <code>m</code>.
     * <p>
     * Please note that, if <code>this</code> is an orthogonal matrix or a matrix whose columns are orthogonal vectors, 
     * then this method <i>need not</i> be invoked, since in that case <code>this</code> itself is its normal matrix.
     * In that case, use {@link #set3x3(Matrix4d)} to set a given Matrix4f to only the upper left 3x3 submatrix
     * of this matrix.
     * 
     * @see #set3x3(Matrix4d)
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d normal() return {
        normal(this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute a normal matrix from the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>
     * and store it into the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>dest</code>.
     * All other values of <code>dest</code> will be set to {@link #identity() identity}.
     * <p>
     * The normal matrix of <code>m</code> is the transpose of the inverse of <code>m</code>.
     * <p>
     * Please note that, if <code>this</code> is an orthogonal matrix or a matrix whose columns are orthogonal vectors, 
     * then this method <i>need not</i> be invoked, since in that case <code>this</code> itself is its normal matrix.
     * In that case, use {@link #set3x3(Matrix4d)} to set a given Matrix4d to only the upper left 3x3 submatrix
     * of a given matrix.
     * 
     * @see #set3x3(Matrix4d)
     * 
     * @param dest
     *             will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d normal(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.identity();
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0)
            return normalOrthonormal(dest);
        return normalGeneric(dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d normalOrthonormal(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if (dest != this)
            dest.set(this);
        return dest._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
    }
    private Matrix4d normalGeneric(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00m11 = m00 * m11;
        double m01m10 = m01 * m10;
        double m02m10 = m02 * m10;
        double m00m12 = m00 * m12;
        double m01m12 = m01 * m12;
        double m02m11 = m02 * m11;
        double det = (m00m11 - m01m10) * m22 + (m02m10 - m00m12) * m21 + (m01m12 - m02m11) * m20;
        double s = 1.0 / det;
        /* Invert and transpose in one go */
        double nm00 = (m11 * m22 - m21 * m12) * s;
        double nm01 = (m20 * m12 - m10 * m22) * s;
        double nm02 = (m10 * m21 - m20 * m11) * s;
        double nm10 = (m21 * m02 - m01 * m22) * s;
        double nm11 = (m00 * m22 - m20 * m02) * s;
        double nm12 = (m20 * m01 - m00 * m21) * s;
        double nm20 = (m01m12 - m02m11) * s;
        double nm21 = (m02m10 - m00m12) * s;
        double nm22 = (m00m11 - m01m10) * s;
        return dest
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m30(0.0)
        ._m31(0.0)
        ._m32(0.0)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties((properties | PROPERTY_AFFINE) & ~(PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE));
    }

    /**
     * Compute a normal matrix from the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>
     * and store it into <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * The normal matrix of <code>m</code> is the transpose of the inverse of <code>m</code>.
     * <p>
     * Please note that, if <code>this</code> is an orthogonal matrix or a matrix whose columns are orthogonal vectors, 
     * then this method <i>need not</i> be invoked, since in that case <code>this</code> itself is its normal matrix.
     * In that case, use {@link Matrix3d#set(Matrix4d)} to set a given Matrix3d to only the upper left 3x3 submatrix
     * of this matrix.
     * 
     * @see Matrix3d#set(Matrix4d)
     * @see #get3x3(Matrix3d)
     * 
     * @param dest
     *             will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix3d normal(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0)
            return normalOrthonormal(dest);
        return normalGeneric(dest);
    }
    private Matrix3d normalOrthonormal(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        dest.set(this);
        return dest;
    }
    private Matrix3d normalGeneric(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        double m00m11 = m00 * m11;
        double m01m10 = m01 * m10;
        double m02m10 = m02 * m10;
        double m00m12 = m00 * m12;
        double m01m12 = m01 * m12;
        double m02m11 = m02 * m11;
        double det = (m00m11 - m01m10) * m22 + (m02m10 - m00m12) * m21 + (m01m12 - m02m11) * m20;
        double s = 1.0 / det;
        /* Invert and transpose in one go */
        return dest._m00((m11 * m22 - m21 * m12) * s)
        ._m01((m20 * m12 - m10 * m22) * s)
        ._m02((m10 * m21 - m20 * m11) * s)
        ._m10((m21 * m02 - m01 * m22) * s)
        ._m11((m00 * m22 - m20 * m02) * s)
        ._m12((m20 * m01 - m00 * m21) * s)
        ._m20((m01m12 - m02m11) * s)
        ._m21((m02m10 - m00m12) * s)
        ._m22((m00m11 - m01m10) * s);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the cofactor matrix of the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * The cofactor matrix can be used instead of {@link #normal()} to transform normals
     * when the orientation of the normals with respect to the surface should be preserved.
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d cofactor3x3() return {
        cofactor3x3(this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the cofactor matrix of the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>
     * and store it into <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * The cofactor matrix can be used instead of {@link #normal(Matrix3d)} to transform normals
     * when the orientation of the normals with respect to the surface should be preserved.
     * 
     * @param dest
     *             will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix3d cofactor3x3(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        return dest._m00(m11 * m22 - m21 * m12)
        ._m01(m20 * m12 - m10 * m22)
        ._m02(m10 * m21 - m20 * m11)
        ._m10(m21 * m02 - m01 * m22)
        ._m11(m00 * m22 - m20 * m02)
        ._m12(m20 * m01 - m00 * m21)
        ._m20(m01 * m12 - m02 * m11)
        ._m21(m02 * m10 - m00 * m12)
        ._m22(m00 * m11 - m01 * m10);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the cofactor matrix of the upper left 3x3 submatrix of <code>this</code>
     * and store it into <code>dest</code>.
     * All other values of <code>dest</code> will be set to {@link #identity() identity}.
     * <p>
     * The cofactor matrix can be used instead of {@link #normal(Matrix4d)} to transform normals
     * when the orientation of the normals with respect to the surface should be preserved.
     * 
     * @param dest
     *             will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d cofactor3x3(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double nm10 = m21 * m02 - m01 * m22;
        double nm11 = m00 * m22 - m20 * m02;
        double nm12 = m20 * m01 - m00 * m21;
        double nm20 = m01 * m12 - m11 * m02;
        double nm21 = m02 * m10 - m12 * m00;
        double nm22 = m00 * m11 - m10 * m01;
        return dest
        ._m00(m11 * m22 - m21 * m12)
        ._m01(m20 * m12 - m10 * m22)
        ._m02(m10 * m21 - m20 * m11)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m30(0.0)
        ._m31(0.0)
        ._m32(0.0)
        ._m33(1.0)
        ._properties((properties | PROPERTY_AFFINE) & ~(PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE));
    }

    /**
     * Normalize the upper left 3x3 submatrix of this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The resulting matrix will map unit vectors to unit vectors, though a pair of orthogonal input unit
     * vectors need not be mapped to a pair of orthogonal output vectors if the original matrix was not orthogonal itself
     * (i.e. had <i>skewing</i>).
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d normalize3x3() return {
        normalize3x3(this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d normalize3x3(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double invXlen = Math.invsqrt(m00 * m00 + m01 * m01 + m02 * m02);
        double invYlen = Math.invsqrt(m10 * m10 + m11 * m11 + m12 * m12);
        double invZlen = Math.invsqrt(m20 * m20 + m21 * m21 + m22 * m22);
        dest._m00(m00 * invXlen)._m01(m01 * invXlen)._m02(m02 * invXlen)
            ._m10(m10 * invYlen)._m11(m11 * invYlen)._m12(m12 * invYlen)
            ._m20(m20 * invZlen)._m21(m21 * invZlen)._m22(m22 * invZlen)
            ._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)
            ._properties(properties);
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix3d normalize3x3(ref Matrix3d dest) {
        double invXlen = Math.invsqrt(m00 * m00 + m01 * m01 + m02 * m02);
        double invYlen = Math.invsqrt(m10 * m10 + m11 * m11 + m12 * m12);
        double invZlen = Math.invsqrt(m20 * m20 + m21 * m21 + m22 * m22);
        dest.m00 = (m00 * invXlen);
        dest.m01 = (m01 * invXlen);
        dest.m02 = (m02 * invXlen);

        dest.m10 = (m10 * invYlen);
        dest.m11 = (m11 * invYlen);
        dest.m12 = (m12 * invYlen);

        dest.m20 = (m20 * invZlen);
        dest.m21 = (m21 * invZlen);
        dest.m22 = (m22 * invZlen);
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector4d unproject(double winX, double winY, double winZ, int[] viewport, ref Vector4d dest) {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double c = m00 * m13 - m03 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double e = m01 * m13 - m03 * m11;
        double f = m02 * m13 - m03 * m12;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double i = m20 * m33 - m23 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        double k = m21 * m33 - m23 * m31;
        double l = m22 * m33 - m23 * m32;
        double det = a * l - b * k + c * j + d * i - e * h + f * g;
        det = 1.0 / det;
        double im00 = ( m11 * l - m12 * k + m13 * j) * det;
        double im01 = (-m01 * l + m02 * k - m03 * j) * det;
        double im02 = ( m31 * f - m32 * e + m33 * d) * det;
        double im03 = (-m21 * f + m22 * e - m23 * d) * det;
        double im10 = (-m10 * l + m12 * i - m13 * h) * det;
        double im11 = ( m00 * l - m02 * i + m03 * h) * det;
        double im12 = (-m30 * f + m32 * c - m33 * b) * det;
        double im13 = ( m20 * f - m22 * c + m23 * b) * det;
        double im20 = ( m10 * k - m11 * i + m13 * g) * det;
        double im21 = (-m00 * k + m01 * i - m03 * g) * det;
        double im22 = ( m30 * e - m31 * c + m33 * a) * det;
        double im23 = (-m20 * e + m21 * c - m23 * a) * det;
        double im30 = (-m10 * j + m11 * h - m12 * g) * det;
        double im31 = ( m00 * j - m01 * h + m02 * g) * det;
        double im32 = (-m30 * d + m31 * b - m32 * a) * det;
        double im33 = ( m20 * d - m21 * b + m22 * a) * det;
        double ndcX = (winX-viewport[0])/viewport[2]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcY = (winY-viewport[1])/viewport[3]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcZ = winZ+winZ-1.0;
        double invW = 1.0 / (im03 * ndcX + im13 * ndcY + im23 * ndcZ + im33);
        dest.x = (im00 * ndcX + im10 * ndcY + im20 * ndcZ + im30) * invW;
        dest.y = (im01 * ndcX + im11 * ndcY + im21 * ndcZ + im31) * invW;
        dest.z = (im02 * ndcX + im12 * ndcY + im22 * ndcZ + im32) * invW;
        dest.w = 1.0;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d unproject(double winX, double winY, double winZ, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d dest) {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double c = m00 * m13 - m03 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double e = m01 * m13 - m03 * m11;
        double f = m02 * m13 - m03 * m12;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double i = m20 * m33 - m23 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        double k = m21 * m33 - m23 * m31;
        double l = m22 * m33 - m23 * m32;
        double det = a * l - b * k + c * j + d * i - e * h + f * g;
        det = 1.0 / det;
        double im00 = ( m11 * l - m12 * k + m13 * j) * det;
        double im01 = (-m01 * l + m02 * k - m03 * j) * det;
        double im02 = ( m31 * f - m32 * e + m33 * d) * det;
        double im03 = (-m21 * f + m22 * e - m23 * d) * det;
        double im10 = (-m10 * l + m12 * i - m13 * h) * det;
        double im11 = ( m00 * l - m02 * i + m03 * h) * det;
        double im12 = (-m30 * f + m32 * c - m33 * b) * det;
        double im13 = ( m20 * f - m22 * c + m23 * b) * det;
        double im20 = ( m10 * k - m11 * i + m13 * g) * det;
        double im21 = (-m00 * k + m01 * i - m03 * g) * det;
        double im22 = ( m30 * e - m31 * c + m33 * a) * det;
        double im23 = (-m20 * e + m21 * c - m23 * a) * det;
        double im30 = (-m10 * j + m11 * h - m12 * g) * det;
        double im31 = ( m00 * j - m01 * h + m02 * g) * det;
        double im32 = (-m30 * d + m31 * b - m32 * a) * det;
        double im33 = ( m20 * d - m21 * b + m22 * a) * det;
        double ndcX = (winX-viewport[0])/viewport[2]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcY = (winY-viewport[1])/viewport[3]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcZ = winZ+winZ-1.0;
        double invW = 1.0 / (im03 * ndcX + im13 * ndcY + im23 * ndcZ + im33);
        dest.x = (im00 * ndcX + im10 * ndcY + im20 * ndcZ + im30) * invW;
        dest.y = (im01 * ndcX + im11 * ndcY + im21 * ndcZ + im31) * invW;
        dest.z = (im02 * ndcX + im12 * ndcY + im22 * ndcZ + im32) * invW;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector4d unproject(ref Vector3d winCoords, int[] viewport, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return unproject(winCoords.x, winCoords.y, winCoords.z, viewport, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d unproject(ref Vector3d winCoords, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return unproject(winCoords.x, winCoords.y, winCoords.z, viewport, dest);
    }

    ref public Matrix4d unprojectRay(double winX, double winY, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d originDest, ref Vector3d dirDest) return {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double c = m00 * m13 - m03 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double e = m01 * m13 - m03 * m11;
        double f = m02 * m13 - m03 * m12;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double i = m20 * m33 - m23 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        double k = m21 * m33 - m23 * m31;
        double l = m22 * m33 - m23 * m32;
        double det = a * l - b * k + c * j + d * i - e * h + f * g;
        det = 1.0 / det;
        double im00 = ( m11 * l - m12 * k + m13 * j) * det;
        double im01 = (-m01 * l + m02 * k - m03 * j) * det;
        double im02 = ( m31 * f - m32 * e + m33 * d) * det;
        double im03 = (-m21 * f + m22 * e - m23 * d) * det;
        double im10 = (-m10 * l + m12 * i - m13 * h) * det;
        double im11 = ( m00 * l - m02 * i + m03 * h) * det;
        double im12 = (-m30 * f + m32 * c - m33 * b) * det;
        double im13 = ( m20 * f - m22 * c + m23 * b) * det;
        double im20 = ( m10 * k - m11 * i + m13 * g) * det;
        double im21 = (-m00 * k + m01 * i - m03 * g) * det;
        double im22 = ( m30 * e - m31 * c + m33 * a) * det;
        double im23 = (-m20 * e + m21 * c - m23 * a) * det;
        double im30 = (-m10 * j + m11 * h - m12 * g) * det;
        double im31 = ( m00 * j - m01 * h + m02 * g) * det;
        double im32 = (-m30 * d + m31 * b - m32 * a) * det;
        double im33 = ( m20 * d - m21 * b + m22 * a) * det;
        double ndcX = (winX-viewport[0])/viewport[2]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcY = (winY-viewport[1])/viewport[3]*2.0-1.0;
        double px = im00 * ndcX + im10 * ndcY + im30;
        double py = im01 * ndcX + im11 * ndcY + im31;
        double pz = im02 * ndcX + im12 * ndcY + im32;
        double invNearW = 1.0 / (im03 * ndcX + im13 * ndcY - im23 + im33);
        double nearX = (px - im20) * invNearW;
        double nearY = (py - im21) * invNearW;
        double nearZ = (pz - im22) * invNearW;
        double invW0 = 1.0 / (im03 * ndcX + im13 * ndcY + im33);
        double x0 = px * invW0;
        double y0 = py * invW0;
        double z0 = pz * invW0;
        originDest.x = nearX; originDest.y = nearY; originDest.z = nearZ;
        dirDest.x = x0 - nearX; dirDest.y = y0 - nearY; dirDest.z = z0 - nearZ;
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d unprojectRay(ref Vector2d winCoords, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d originDest, ref Vector3d dirDest) {
        return unprojectRay(winCoords.x, winCoords.y, viewport, originDest, dirDest);
    }

    public Vector4d unprojectInv(ref Vector3d winCoords, int[] viewport, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return unprojectInv(winCoords.x, winCoords.y, winCoords.z, viewport, dest);
    }

    public Vector4d unprojectInv(double winX, double winY, double winZ, int[] viewport, ref Vector4d dest) {
        double ndcX = (winX-viewport[0])/viewport[2]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcY = (winY-viewport[1])/viewport[3]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcZ = winZ+winZ-1.0;
        double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * ndcX + m13 * ndcY + m23 * ndcZ + m33);
        dest.x = (m00 * ndcX + m10 * ndcY + m20 * ndcZ + m30) * invW;
        dest.y = (m01 * ndcX + m11 * ndcY + m21 * ndcZ + m31) * invW;
        dest.z = (m02 * ndcX + m12 * ndcY + m22 * ndcZ + m32) * invW;
        dest.w = 1.0;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d unprojectInv(ref Vector3d winCoords, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return unprojectInv(winCoords.x, winCoords.y, winCoords.z, viewport, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d unprojectInv(double winX, double winY, double winZ, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d dest) {
        double ndcX = (winX-viewport[0])/viewport[2]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcY = (winY-viewport[1])/viewport[3]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcZ = winZ+winZ-1.0;
        double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * ndcX + m13 * ndcY + m23 * ndcZ + m33);
        dest.x = (m00 * ndcX + m10 * ndcY + m20 * ndcZ + m30) * invW;
        dest.y = (m01 * ndcX + m11 * ndcY + m21 * ndcZ + m31) * invW;
        dest.z = (m02 * ndcX + m12 * ndcY + m22 * ndcZ + m32) * invW;
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d unprojectInvRay(ref Vector2d winCoords, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d originDest, ref Vector3d dirDest) {
        return unprojectInvRay(winCoords.x, winCoords.y, viewport, originDest, dirDest);
    }

    ref public Matrix4d unprojectInvRay(double winX, double winY, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d originDest, ref Vector3d dirDest) return  {
        double ndcX = (winX-viewport[0])/viewport[2]*2.0-1.0;
        double ndcY = (winY-viewport[1])/viewport[3]*2.0-1.0;
        double px = m00 * ndcX + m10 * ndcY + m30;
        double py = m01 * ndcX + m11 * ndcY + m31;
        double pz = m02 * ndcX + m12 * ndcY + m32;
        double invNearW = 1.0 / (m03 * ndcX + m13 * ndcY - m23 + m33);
        double nearX = (px - m20) * invNearW;
        double nearY = (py - m21) * invNearW;
        double nearZ = (pz - m22) * invNearW;
        double invW0 = 1.0 / (m03 * ndcX + m13 * ndcY + m33);
        double x0 = px * invW0;
        double y0 = py * invW0;
        double z0 = pz * invW0;
        originDest.x = nearX; originDest.y = nearY; originDest.z = nearZ;
        dirDest.x = x0 - nearX; dirDest.y = y0 - nearY; dirDest.z = z0 - nearZ;
        return this;
    }

    public Vector4d project(double x, double y, double z, int[] viewport, ref Vector4d winCoordsDest) {
        double invW = 1.0 / Math.fma(m03, x, Math.fma(m13, y, Math.fma(m23, z, m33)));
        double nx = Math.fma(m00, x, Math.fma(m10, y, Math.fma(m20, z, m30))) * invW;
        double ny = Math.fma(m01, x, Math.fma(m11, y, Math.fma(m21, z, m31))) * invW;
        double nz = Math.fma(m02, x, Math.fma(m12, y, Math.fma(m22, z, m32))) * invW;
        return winCoordsDest.set(Math.fma(Math.fma(nx, 0.5, 0.5), viewport[2], viewport[0]),
                                 Math.fma(Math.fma(ny, 0.5, 0.5), viewport[3], viewport[1]),
                                 Math.fma(0.5, nz, 0.5),
                                 1.0);
    }

    public Vector3d project(double x, double y, double z, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d winCoordsDest) {
        double invW = 1.0 / Math.fma(m03, x, Math.fma(m13, y, Math.fma(m23, z, m33)));
        double nx = Math.fma(m00, x, Math.fma(m10, y, Math.fma(m20, z, m30))) * invW;
        double ny = Math.fma(m01, x, Math.fma(m11, y, Math.fma(m21, z, m31))) * invW;
        double nz = Math.fma(m02, x, Math.fma(m12, y, Math.fma(m22, z, m32))) * invW;
        winCoordsDest.x = Math.fma(Math.fma(nx, 0.5, 0.5), viewport[2], viewport[0]);
        winCoordsDest.y = Math.fma(Math.fma(ny, 0.5, 0.5), viewport[3], viewport[1]);
        winCoordsDest.z = Math.fma(0.5, nz, 0.5);
        return winCoordsDest;
    }

    public Vector4d project(ref Vector3d position, int[] viewport, ref Vector4d dest) {
        return project(position.x, position.y, position.z, viewport, dest);
    }

    public Vector3d project(ref Vector3d position, int[] viewport, ref Vector3d dest) {
        return project(position.x, position.y, position.z, viewport, dest);
    }

    public Matrix4d reflect(double a, double b, double c, double d, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.reflection(a, b, c, d);
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.reflection(a, b, c, d);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return reflectAffine(a, b, c, d, dest);
        return reflectGeneric(a, b, c, d, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d reflectAffine(double a, double b, double c, double d, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double da = a + a, db = b + b, dc = c + c, dd = d + d;
        double rm00 = 1.0 - da * a;
        double rm01 = -da * b;
        double rm02 = -da * c;
        double rm10 = -db * a;
        double rm11 = 1.0 - db * b;
        double rm12 = -db * c;
        double rm20 = -dc * a;
        double rm21 = -dc * b;
        double rm22 = 1.0 - dc * c;
        double rm30 = -dd * a;
        double rm31 = -dd * b;
        double rm32 = -dd * c;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        // matrix multiplication
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(0.0)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(0.0)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(0.0)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }
    private Matrix4d reflectGeneric(double a, double b, double c, double d, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double da = a + a, db = b + b, dc = c + c, dd = d + d;
        double rm00 = 1.0 - da * a;
        double rm01 = -da * b;
        double rm02 = -da * c;
        double rm10 = -db * a;
        double rm11 = 1.0 - db * b;
        double rm12 = -db * c;
        double rm20 = -dc * a;
        double rm21 = -dc * b;
        double rm22 = 1.0 - dc * c;
        double rm30 = -dd * a;
        double rm31 = -dd * b;
        double rm32 = -dd * c;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        // matrix multiplication
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m23 * rm32 + m33)
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a mirror/reflection transformation to this matrix that reflects about the given plane
     * specified via the equation <code>x*a + y*b + z*c + d = 0</code>.
     * <p>
     * The vector <code>(a, b, c)</code> must be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the reflection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * reflection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb281733(v=vs.85).aspx">msdn.microsoft.com</a>
     * 
     * @param a
     *          the x factor in the plane equation
     * @param b
     *          the y factor in the plane equation
     * @param c
     *          the z factor in the plane equation
     * @param d
     *          the constant in the plane equation
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflect(double a, double b, double c, double d) return {
        reflect(a, b, c, d, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a mirror/reflection transformation to this matrix that reflects about the given plane
     * specified via the plane normal and a point on the plane.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the reflection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * reflection will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param nx
     *          the x-coordinate of the plane normal
     * @param ny
     *          the y-coordinate of the plane normal
     * @param nz
     *          the z-coordinate of the plane normal
     * @param px
     *          the x-coordinate of a point on the plane
     * @param py
     *          the y-coordinate of a point on the plane
     * @param pz
     *          the z-coordinate of a point on the plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflect(double nx, double ny, double nz, double px, double py, double pz) return {
        reflect(nx, ny, nz, px, py, pz, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d reflect(double nx, double ny, double nz, double px, double py, double pz, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double invLength = Math.invsqrt(nx * nx + ny * ny + nz * nz);
        double nnx = nx * invLength;
        double nny = ny * invLength;
        double nnz = nz * invLength;
        /* See: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Plane.html */
        return reflect(nnx, nny, nnz, -nnx * px - nny * py - nnz * pz, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a mirror/reflection transformation to this matrix that reflects about the given plane
     * specified via the plane normal and a point on the plane.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the reflection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * reflection will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param normal
     *          the plane normal
     * @param point
     *          a point on the plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflect(ref Vector3d normal, Vector3d point) return {
        return reflect(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z, point.x, point.y, point.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a mirror/reflection transformation to this matrix that reflects about a plane
     * specified via the plane orientation and a point on the plane.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to build a reflection transformation based on the orientation of a mirror object in the scene.
     * It is assumed that the default mirror plane's normal is <code>(0, 0, 1)</code>. So, if the given {@link Quaterniond} is
     * the identity (does not apply any additional rotation), the reflection plane will be <code>z=0</code>, offset by the given <code>point</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>R</code> the reflection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * R</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * R * v</code>, the
     * reflection will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param orientation
     *          the plane orientation relative to an implied normal vector of <code>(0, 0, 1)</code>
     * @param point
     *          a point on the plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflect(ref Quaterniond orientation, Vector3d point) return {
        reflect(orientation, point, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d reflect(ref Quaterniond orientation, Vector3d point, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double num1 = orientation.x + orientation.x;
        double num2 = orientation.y + orientation.y;
        double num3 = orientation.z + orientation.z;
        double normalX = orientation.x * num3 + orientation.w * num2;
        double normalY = orientation.y * num3 - orientation.w * num1;
        double normalZ = 1.0 - (orientation.x * num1 + orientation.y * num2);
        return reflect(normalX, normalY, normalZ, point.x, point.y, point.z, dest);
    }

    public Matrix4d reflect(ref Vector3d normal, Vector3d point, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return reflect(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z, point.x, point.y, point.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a mirror/reflection transformation that reflects about the given plane
     * specified via the equation <code>x*a + y*b + z*c + d = 0</code>.
     * <p>
     * The vector <code>(a, b, c)</code> must be a unit vector.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb281733(v=vs.85).aspx">msdn.microsoft.com</a>
     * 
     * @param a
     *          the x factor in the plane equation
     * @param b
     *          the y factor in the plane equation
     * @param c
     *          the z factor in the plane equation
     * @param d
     *          the constant in the plane equation
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflection(double a, double b, double c, double d) return {
        double da = a + a, db = b + b, dc = c + c, dd = d + d;
        _m00(1.0 - da * a).
        _m01(-da * b).
        _m02(-da * c).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(-db * a).
        _m11(1.0 - db * b).
        _m12(-db * c).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(-dc * a).
        _m21(-dc * b).
        _m22(1.0 - dc * c).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(-dd * a).
        _m31(-dd * b).
        _m32(-dd * c).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a mirror/reflection transformation that reflects about the given plane
     * specified via the plane normal and a point on the plane.
     * 
     * @param nx
     *          the x-coordinate of the plane normal
     * @param ny
     *          the y-coordinate of the plane normal
     * @param nz
     *          the z-coordinate of the plane normal
     * @param px
     *          the x-coordinate of a point on the plane
     * @param py
     *          the y-coordinate of a point on the plane
     * @param pz
     *          the z-coordinate of a point on the plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflection(double nx, double ny, double nz, double px, double py, double pz) return {
        double invLength = Math.invsqrt(nx * nx + ny * ny + nz * nz);
        double nnx = nx * invLength;
        double nny = ny * invLength;
        double nnz = nz * invLength;
        /* See: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Plane.html */
        return reflection(nnx, nny, nnz, -nnx * px - nny * py - nnz * pz);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a mirror/reflection transformation that reflects about the given plane
     * specified via the plane normal and a point on the plane.
     * 
     * @param normal
     *          the plane normal
     * @param point
     *          a point on the plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflection(ref Vector3d normal, Vector3d point) return {
        return reflection(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z, point.x, point.y, point.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a mirror/reflection transformation that reflects about a plane
     * specified via the plane orientation and a point on the plane.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to build a reflection transformation based on the orientation of a mirror object in the scene.
     * It is assumed that the default mirror plane's normal is <code>(0, 0, 1)</code>. So, if the given {@link Quaterniond} is
     * the identity (does not apply any additional rotation), the reflection plane will be <code>z=0</code>, offset by the given <code>point</code>.
     * 
     * @param orientation
     *          the plane orientation
     * @param point
     *          a point on the plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d reflection(ref Quaterniond orientation, Vector3d point) return {
        double num1 = orientation.x + orientation.x;
        double num2 = orientation.y + orientation.y;
        double num3 = orientation.z + orientation.z;
        double normalX = orientation.x * num3 + orientation.w * num2;
        double normalY = orientation.y * num3 - orientation.w * num1;
        double normalZ = 1.0 - (orientation.x * num1 + orientation.y * num2);
        return reflection(normalX, normalY, normalZ, point.x, point.y, point.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setOrtho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d ortho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setOrtho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return orthoGeneric(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d orthoGeneric(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 2.0 / (right - left);
        double rm11 = 2.0 / (top - bottom);
        double rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zNear - zFar);
        double rm30 = (left + right) / (left - right);
        double rm31 = (top + bottom) / (bottom - top);
        double rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar);
        // perform optimized multiplication
        // compute the last column first, because other columns do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m23 * rm32 + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m20(m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m23 * rm22)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrtho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d ortho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return ortho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setOrtho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d ortho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        ortho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrtho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d ortho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return ortho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordiante system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setOrthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d orthoLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setOrthoLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return orthoLHGeneric(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d orthoLHGeneric(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 2.0 / (right - left);
        double rm11 = 2.0 / (top - bottom);
        double rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zFar - zNear);
        double rm30 = (left + right) / (left - right);
        double rm31 = (top + bottom) / (bottom - top);
        double rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar);
        // perform optimized multiplication
        // compute the last column first, because other columns do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m23 * rm32 + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m20(m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m23 * rm22)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordiante system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d orthoLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return orthoLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordiante system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setOrthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d orthoLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        orthoLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordiante system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d orthoLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return orthoLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) ortho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrtho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00(2.0 / (right - left)).
        _m11(2.0 / (top - bottom)).
        _m22((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zNear - zFar)).
        _m30((right + left) / (left - right)).
        _m31((top + bottom) / (bottom - top)).
        _m32((zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar)).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double) ortho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrtho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setOrtho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) orthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrthoLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00(2.0 / (right - left)).
        _m11(2.0 / (top - bottom)).
        _m22((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zFar - zNear)).
        _m30((right + left) / (left - right)).
        _m31((top + bottom) / (bottom - top)).
        _m32((zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar)).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) orthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrthoLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setOrthoLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool, Matrix4d) ortho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double, bool) setOrthoSymmetric()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d orthoSymmetric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setOrthoSymmetric(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return orthoSymmetricGeneric(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d orthoSymmetricGeneric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 2.0 / width;
        double rm11 = 2.0 / height;
        double rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zNear - zFar);
        double rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar);
        // perform optimized multiplication
        // compute the last column first, because other columns do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32 + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m20(m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m23 * rm22)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d) ortho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double) setOrthoSymmetric()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d orthoSymmetric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return orthoSymmetric(width, height, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) ortho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double, bool) setOrthoSymmetric()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d orthoSymmetric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        orthoSymmetric(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double) ortho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double) setOrthoSymmetric()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d orthoSymmetric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        orthoSymmetric(width, height, zNear, zFar, false, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool, Matrix4d) orthoLH()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double, bool) setOrthoSymmetricLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d orthoSymmetricLH(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setOrthoSymmetricLH(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return orthoSymmetricLHGeneric(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d orthoSymmetricLHGeneric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 2.0 / width;
        double rm11 = 2.0 / height;
        double rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zFar - zNear);
        double rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar);
        // perform optimized multiplication
        // compute the last column first, because other columns do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32 + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m20(m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m23 * rm22)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d) orthoLH()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double) setOrthoSymmetricLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d orthoSymmetricLH(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return orthoSymmetricLH(width, height, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) orthoLH()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double, bool) setOrthoSymmetricLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d orthoSymmetricLH(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        orthoSymmetricLH(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) orthoLH()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a symmetric orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double) setOrthoSymmetricLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d orthoSymmetricLH(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        orthoSymmetricLH(width, height, zNear, zFar, false, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setOrtho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the symmetric orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #orthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double, bool) orthoSymmetric()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrthoSymmetric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00(2.0 / width).
        _m11(2.0 / height).
        _m22((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zNear - zFar)).
        _m32((zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar)).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrtho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the symmetric orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #orthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double) orthoSymmetric()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoSymmetric(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrthoSymmetric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setOrthoSymmetric(width, height, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setOrtho()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the symmetric orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #orthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double, bool) orthoSymmetricLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrthoSymmetricLH(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00(2.0 / width).
        _m11(2.0 / height).
        _m22((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) / (zFar - zNear)).
        _m32((zZeroToOne ? zNear : (zFar + zNear)) / (zNear - zFar)).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrthoLH()} with
     * <code>left=-width/2</code>, <code>right=+width/2</code>, <code>bottom=-height/2</code> and <code>top=+height/2</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the symmetric orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #orthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double) orthoSymmetricLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoSymmetricLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the distance between the right and left frustum edges
     * @param height
     *            the distance between the top and bottom frustum edges
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrthoSymmetricLH(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setOrthoSymmetricLH(width, height, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d) ortho()} with
     * <code>zNear=-1</code> and <code>zFar=+1</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho2D(double, double, double, double) setOrtho()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d)
     * @see #setOrtho2D(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d ortho2D(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setOrtho2D(left, right, bottom, top);
        return ortho2DGeneric(left, right, bottom, top, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d ortho2DGeneric(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 2.0 / (right - left);
        double rm11 = 2.0 / (top - bottom);
        double rm30 = (right + left) / (left - right);
        double rm31 = (top + bottom) / (bottom - top);
        // perform optimized multiplication
        // compute the last column first, because other columns do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m20(-m20)
        ._m21(-m21)
        ._m22(-m22)
        ._m23(-m23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double) ortho()} with
     * <code>zNear=-1</code> and <code>zFar=+1</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho2D(double, double, double, double) setOrtho2D()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #ortho(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setOrtho2D(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d ortho2D(double left, double right, double bottom, double top) return {
        ortho2D(left, right, bottom, top, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d) orthoLH()} with
     * <code>zNear=-1</code> and <code>zFar=+1</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho2DLH(double, double, double, double) setOrthoLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d)
     * @see #setOrtho2DLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d ortho2DLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setOrtho2DLH(left, right, bottom, top);
        return ortho2DLHGeneric(left, right, bottom, top, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d ortho2DLHGeneric(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 2.0 / (right - left);
        double rm11 = 2.0 / (top - bottom);
        double rm30 = (right + left) / (left - right);
        double rm31 = (top + bottom) / (bottom - top);
        // perform optimized multiplication
        // compute the last column first, because other columns do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) orthoLH()} with
     * <code>zNear=-1</code> and <code>zFar=+1</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the orthographic projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * orthographic projection transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to an orthographic projection without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setOrtho2DLH(double, double, double, double) setOrtho2DLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #orthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setOrtho2DLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d ortho2DLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top) return {
        ortho2DLH(left, right, bottom, top, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an orthographic projection transformation for a right-handed coordinate system.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrtho()} with
     * <code>zNear=-1</code> and <code>zFar=+1</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #ortho2D(double, double, double, double) ortho2D()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #ortho2D(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrtho2D(double left, double right, double bottom, double top) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00(2.0 / (right - left)).
        _m11(2.0 / (top - bottom)).
        _m22(-1.0).
        _m30((right + left) / (left - right)).
        _m31((top + bottom) / (bottom - top)).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an orthographic projection transformation for a left-handed coordinate system.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling {@link #setOrtho(double, double, double, double, double, double) setOrthoLH()} with
     * <code>zNear=-1</code> and <code>zFar=+1</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the orthographic projection to an already existing transformation,
     * use {@link #ortho2DLH(double, double, double, double) ortho2DLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#ortho">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setOrthoLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #ortho2DLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance from the center to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance from the center to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance from the center to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance from the center to the top frustum edge
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setOrtho2DLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00(2.0 / (right - left)).
        _m11(2.0 / (top - bottom)).
        _m30((right + left) / (left - right)).
        _m31((top + bottom) / (bottom - top)).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation to this matrix to make <code>-z</code> point along <code>dir</code>. 
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookalong rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>, the
     * lookalong rotation transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d) lookAt}
     * with <code>eye = (0, 0, 0)</code> and <code>center = dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookalong transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d) setLookAlong()}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param dir
     *            the direction in space to look along
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lookAlong(ref Vector3d dir, Vector3d up) return {
        lookAlong(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation to this matrix to make <code>-z</code> point along <code>dir</code>
     * and store the result in <code>dest</code>. 
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookalong rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>, the
     * lookalong rotation transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d) lookAt}
     * with <code>eye = (0, 0, 0)</code> and <code>center = dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookalong transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d) setLookAlong()}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param dir
     *            the direction in space to look along
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAlong(ref Vector3d dir, Vector3d up, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return lookAlong(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation to this matrix to make <code>-z</code> point along <code>dir</code>
     * and store the result in <code>dest</code>. 
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookalong rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>, the
     * lookalong rotation transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAt()}
     * with <code>eye = (0, 0, 0)</code> and <code>center = dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookalong transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAlong()}
     * 
     * @see #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setLookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param dest
     *              will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAlong(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ, double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setLookAlong(dirX, dirY, dirZ, upX, upY, upZ);
        return lookAlongGeneric(dirX, dirY, dirZ, upX, upY, upZ, dest);
    }

    private Matrix4d lookAlongGeneric(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ, double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= -invDirLength;
        dirY *= -invDirLength;
        dirZ *= -invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = leftX;
        double rm01 = upnX;
        double rm02 = dirX;
        double rm10 = leftY;
        double rm11 = upnY;
        double rm12 = dirY;
        double rm20 = leftZ;
        double rm21 = upnZ;
        double rm22 = dirZ;
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        // introduce temporaries for dependent results
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        dest._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        // set the rest of the matrix elements
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a rotation transformation to this matrix to make <code>-z</code> point along <code>dir</code>. 
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookalong rotation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>, the
     * lookalong rotation transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAt()}
     * with <code>eye = (0, 0, 0)</code> and <code>center = dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookalong transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAlong()}
     * 
     * @see #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setLookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lookAlong(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ,
                              double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        lookAlong(dirX, dirY, dirZ, upX, upY, upZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation to make <code>-z</code>
     * point along <code>dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #setLookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d) setLookAt()} 
     * with <code>eye = (0, 0, 0)</code> and <code>center = dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the lookalong transformation to any previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #lookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #lookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param dir
     *            the direction in space to look along
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setLookAlong(ref Vector3d dir, Vector3d up) return {
        return setLookAlong(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, up.x, up.y, up.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a rotation transformation to make <code>-z</code>
     * point along <code>dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to calling
     * {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * setLookAt()} with <code>eye = (0, 0, 0)</code> and <code>center = dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the lookalong transformation to any previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #lookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAlong()}
     * 
     * @see #setLookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #lookAlong(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to look along
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setLookAlong(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ,
                                 double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= -invDirLength;
        dirY *= -invDirLength;
        dirZ *= -invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        _m00(leftX).
        _m01(upnX).
        _m02(dirX).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(leftY).
        _m11(upnY).
        _m12(dirY).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(leftZ).
        _m21(upnZ).
        _m22(dirZ).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m32(0.0).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a "lookat" transformation for a right-handed coordinate system, that aligns
     * <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to not make use of vectors to specify <code>eye</code>, <code>center</code> and <code>up</code> but use primitives,
     * like in the GLU function, use {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAt()}
     * instead.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the lookat transformation to a previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d) lookAt()}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param eye
     *            the position of the camera
     * @param center
     *            the point in space to look at
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setLookAt(ref Vector3d eye, Vector3d center, Vector3d up) return {
        return setLookAt(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, center.x, center.y, center.z, up.x, up.y, up.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a "lookat" transformation for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the lookat transformation to a previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAt}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setLookAt(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                              double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                              double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        // Compute direction from position to lookAt
        double dirX, dirY, dirZ;
        dirX = eyeX - centerX;
        dirY = eyeY - centerY;
        dirZ = eyeZ - centerZ;
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLength;
        dirY *= invDirLength;
        dirZ *= invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        return this.
        _m00(leftX).
        _m01(upnX).
        _m02(dirX).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(leftY).
        _m11(upnY).
        _m12(dirY).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(leftZ).
        _m21(upnZ).
        _m22(dirZ).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(-(leftX * eyeX + leftY * eyeY + leftZ * eyeZ)).
        _m31(-(upnX * eyeX + upnY * eyeY + upnZ * eyeZ)).
        _m32(-(dirX * eyeX + dirY * eyeY + dirZ * eyeZ)).
        _m33(1.0).
        _properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param eye
     *            the position of the camera
     * @param center
     *            the point in space to look at
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAt(ref Vector3d eye, Vector3d center, Vector3d up, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return lookAt(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, center.x, center.y, center.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setLookAlong(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param eye
     *            the position of the camera
     * @param center
     *            the point in space to look at
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lookAt(ref Vector3d eye, Vector3d center, Vector3d up) return {
        lookAt(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, center.x, center.y, center.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAt()}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAt(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                           double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                           double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setLookAt(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE) != 0)
            return lookAtPerspective(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ, dest);
        return lookAtGeneric(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d lookAtGeneric(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                                   double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                                   double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Compute direction from position to lookAt
        double dirX, dirY, dirZ;
        dirX = eyeX - centerX;
        dirY = eyeY - centerY;
        dirZ = eyeZ - centerZ;
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLength;
        dirY *= invDirLength;
        dirZ *= invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = leftX;
        double rm01 = upnX;
        double rm02 = dirX;
        double rm10 = leftY;
        double rm11 = upnY;
        double rm12 = dirY;
        double rm20 = leftZ;
        double rm21 = upnZ;
        double rm22 = dirZ;
        double rm30 = -(leftX * eyeX + leftY * eyeY + leftZ * eyeZ);
        double rm31 = -(upnX * eyeX + upnY * eyeY + upnZ * eyeZ);
        double rm32 = -(dirX * eyeX + dirY * eyeY + dirZ * eyeZ);
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        // compute last column first, because others do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m23 * rm32 + m33)
        // introduce temporaries for dependent results
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        // set the rest of the matrix elements
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAt()}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lookAt(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                           double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                           double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        lookAt(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>-z</code> with <code>center - eye</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to be a perspective transformation, obtained via
     * {@link #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) frustum()} or {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double) perspective()} or
     * one of their overloads.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAt()}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAtPerspective(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
            double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
            double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Compute direction from position to lookAt
        double dirX, dirY, dirZ;
        dirX = eyeX - centerX;
        dirY = eyeY - centerY;
        dirZ = eyeZ - centerZ;
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLength;
        dirY *= invDirLength;
        dirZ *= invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        double rm30 = -(leftX * eyeX + leftY * eyeY + leftZ * eyeZ);
        double rm31 = -(upnX * eyeX + upnY * eyeY + upnZ * eyeZ);
        double rm32 = -(dirX * eyeX + dirY * eyeY + dirZ * eyeZ);
        double nm10 = m00 * leftY;
        double nm20 = m00 * leftZ;
        double nm21 = m11 * upnZ;
        double nm30 = m00 * rm30;
        double nm31 = m11 * rm31;
        double nm32 = m22 * rm32 + m32;
        double nm33 = m23 * rm32;
        return dest
        ._m00(m00 * leftX)
        ._m01(m11 * upnX)
        ._m02(m22 * dirX)
        ._m03(m23 * dirX)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(m11 * upnY)
        ._m12(m22 * dirY)
        ._m13(m23 * dirY)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(m22 * dirZ)
        ._m23(m23 * dirZ)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(0);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a "lookat" transformation for a left-handed coordinate system, that aligns
     * <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to not make use of vectors to specify <code>eye</code>, <code>center</code> and <code>up</code> but use primitives,
     * like in the GLU function, use {@link #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAtLH()}
     * instead.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the lookat transformation to a previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #lookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d) lookAt()}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #lookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param eye
     *            the position of the camera
     * @param center
     *            the point in space to look at
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setLookAtLH(ref Vector3d eye, Vector3d center, Vector3d up) return {
        return setLookAtLH(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, center.x, center.y, center.z, up.x, up.y, up.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a "lookat" transformation for a left-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the lookat transformation to a previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #lookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) lookAtLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #lookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setLookAtLH(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                                double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                                double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        // Compute direction from position to lookAt
        double dirX, dirY, dirZ;
        dirX = centerX - eyeX;
        dirY = centerY - eyeY;
        dirZ = centerZ - eyeZ;
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLength;
        dirY *= invDirLength;
        dirZ *= invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        _m00(leftX).
        _m01(upnX).
        _m02(dirX).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(leftY).
        _m11(upnY).
        _m12(dirY).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(leftZ).
        _m21(upnZ).
        _m22(dirZ).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(-(leftX * eyeX + leftY * eyeY + leftZ * eyeZ)).
        _m31(-(upnX * eyeX + upnY * eyeY + upnZ * eyeZ)).
        _m32(-(dirX * eyeX + dirY * eyeY + dirZ * eyeZ)).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a left-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #setLookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param eye
     *            the position of the camera
     * @param center
     *            the point in space to look at
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAtLH(ref Vector3d eye, Vector3d center, Vector3d up, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return lookAtLH(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, center.x, center.y, center.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a left-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eye
     *            the position of the camera
     * @param center
     *            the point in space to look at
     * @param up
     *            the direction of 'up'
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lookAtLH(ref Vector3d eye, Vector3d center, Vector3d up) return {
        lookAtLH(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, center.x, center.y, center.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a left-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAtLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAtLH(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                             double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                             double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setLookAtLH(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ);
        else if ((properties & PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE) != 0)
            return lookAtPerspectiveLH(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ, dest);
        return lookAtLHGeneric(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d lookAtLHGeneric(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                                     double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                                     double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Compute direction from position to lookAt
        double dirX, dirY, dirZ;
        dirX = centerX - eyeX;
        dirY = centerY - eyeY;
        dirZ = centerZ - eyeZ;
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLength;
        dirY *= invDirLength;
        dirZ *= invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = leftX;
        double rm01 = upnX;
        double rm02 = dirX;
        double rm10 = leftY;
        double rm11 = upnY;
        double rm12 = dirY;
        double rm20 = leftZ;
        double rm21 = upnZ;
        double rm22 = dirZ;
        double rm30 = -(leftX * eyeX + leftY * eyeY + leftZ * eyeZ);
        double rm31 = -(upnX * eyeX + upnY * eyeY + upnZ * eyeZ);
        double rm32 = -(dirX * eyeX + dirY * eyeY + dirZ * eyeZ);
        // introduce temporaries for dependent results
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        // compute last column first, because others do not depend on it
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m23 * rm32 + m33)
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        // set the rest of the matrix elements
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a left-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAtLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #lookAtLH(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lookAtLH(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
                             double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
                             double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        lookAtLH(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a "lookat" transformation to this matrix for a left-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns <code>+z</code> with <code>center - eye</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method assumes <code>this</code> to be a perspective transformation, obtained via
     * {@link #frustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) frustumLH()} or {@link #perspectiveLH(double, double, double, double) perspectiveLH()} or
     * one of their overloads.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a lookat transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) setLookAtLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #setLookAtLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param eyeX
     *              the x-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeY
     *              the y-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param eyeZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the eye/camera location
     * @param centerX
     *              the x-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerY
     *              the y-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param centerZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the point to look at
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param dest
     *          will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d lookAtPerspectiveLH(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
            double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
            double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Compute direction from position to lookAt
        double dirX, dirY, dirZ;
        dirX = centerX - eyeX;
        dirY = centerY - eyeY;
        dirZ = centerZ - eyeZ;
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLength;
        dirY *= invDirLength;
        dirZ *= invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * dirZ - upZ * dirY;
        leftY = upZ * dirX - upX * dirZ;
        leftZ = upX * dirY - upY * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;

        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = leftX;
        double rm01 = upnX;
        double rm02 = dirX;
        double rm10 = leftY;
        double rm11 = upnY;
        double rm12 = dirY;
        double rm20 = leftZ;
        double rm21 = upnZ;
        double rm22 = dirZ;
        double rm30 = -(leftX * eyeX + leftY * eyeY + leftZ * eyeZ);
        double rm31 = -(upnX * eyeX + upnY * eyeY + upnZ * eyeZ);
        double rm32 = -(dirX * eyeX + dirY * eyeY + dirZ * eyeZ);

        double nm00 = m00 * rm00;
        double nm01 = m11 * rm01;
        double nm02 = m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10;
        double nm11 = m11 * rm11;
        double nm12 = m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m23 * rm12;
        double nm20 = m00 * rm20;
        double nm21 = m11 * rm21;
        double nm22 = m22 * rm22;
        double nm23 = m23 * rm22;
        double nm30 = m00 * rm30;
        double nm31 = m11 * rm31;
        double nm32 = m22 * rm32 + m32;
        double nm33 = m23 * rm32;
        dest._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m30(nm30)
        ._m31(nm31)
        ._m32(nm32)
        ._m33(nm33)
        ._properties(0);

        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translate(w-1-2*x, h-1-2*y, 0).scale(w, h, 1)</code>
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>T</code> the created transformation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * T</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * T * v</code>, the
     * created transformation will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param x
     *             the tile's x coordinate/index (should be in <code>[0..w)</code>)
     * @param y
     *             the tile's y coordinate/index (should be in <code>[0..h)</code>)
     * @param w
     *             the number of tiles along the x axis
     * @param h
     *             the number of tiles along the y axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d tile(int x, int y, int w, int h) return {
        tile(x, y, w, h, this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d tile(int x, int y, int w, int h, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        float tx = w - 1 - (x<<1), ty = h - 1 - (y<<1);
        return dest
        ._m30(Math.fma(m00, tx, Math.fma(m10, ty, m30)))
        ._m31(Math.fma(m01, tx, Math.fma(m11, ty, m31)))
        ._m32(Math.fma(m02, tx, Math.fma(m12, ty, m32)))
        ._m33(Math.fma(m03, tx, Math.fma(m13, ty, m33)))
        ._m00(m00 * w)
        ._m01(m01 * w)
        ._m02(m02 * w)
        ._m03(m03 * w)
        ._m10(m10 * h)
        ._m11(m11 * h)
        ._m12(m12 * h)
        ._m13(m13 * h)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22(m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspective(double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspective}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspective(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setPerspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return perspectiveGeneric(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d perspectiveGeneric(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double h = Math.tan(fovy * 0.5);
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 1.0 / (h * aspect);
        double rm11 = 1.0 / h;
        double rm22;
        double rm32;
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = e - 1.0;
            rm32 = (e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear;
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e;
            rm32 = ((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar;
        } else {
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar);
            rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar);
        }
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        double nm20 = m20 * rm22 - m30;
        double nm21 = m21 * rm22 - m31;
        double nm22 = m22 * rm22 - m32;
        double nm23 = m23 * rm22 - m33;
        dest._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m30(m20 * rm32)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspective(double, double, double, double) setPerspective}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspective(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return perspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation using for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspective(double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspective}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspective(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        perspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspective(double, double, double, double) setPerspective}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspective(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */    
    ref public Matrix4d perspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        perspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveRect}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the width of the near frustum plane
     * @param height
     *            the height of the near frustum plane
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspectiveRect(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setPerspectiveRect(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return perspectiveRectGeneric(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d perspectiveRectGeneric(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double rm00 = (zNear + zNear) / width;
        double rm11 = (zNear + zNear) / height;
        double rm22, rm32;
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6f;
            rm22 = e - 1.0;
            rm32 = (e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear;
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6f;
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e;
            rm32 = ((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar;
        } else {
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar);
            rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar);
        }
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        double nm20 = m20 * rm22 - m30;
        double nm21 = m21 * rm22 - m31;
        double nm22 = m22 * rm22 - m32;
        double nm23 = m23 * rm22 - m33;
        dest._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m30(m20 * rm32)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveRect}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the width of the near frustum plane
     * @param height
     *            the height of the near frustum plane
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspectiveRect(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return perspectiveRect(width, height, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation using for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveRect}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the width of the near frustum plane
     * @param height
     *            the height of the near frustum plane
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveRect(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        perspectiveRect(width, height, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveRect}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveRect(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the width of the near frustum plane
     * @param height
     *            the height of the near frustum plane
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveRect(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        perspectiveRect(width, height, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>offAngleX</code> and <code>offAngleY</code> are the horizontal and vertical angles between
     * the line of sight and the line given by the center of the near and far frustum planes. So, when <code>offAngleY</code>
     * is just <code>fovy/2</code> then the projection frustum is rotated towards +Y and the bottom frustum plane 
     * is parallel to the XZ-plane.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveOffCenter}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param offAngleX
     *            the horizontal angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param offAngleY
     *            the vertical angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenter(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setPerspectiveOffCenter(fovy, offAngleX, offAngleY, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return perspectiveOffCenterGeneric(fovy, offAngleX, offAngleY, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterGeneric(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double h = Math.tan(fovy * 0.5);
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double xScale = 1.0 / (h * aspect);
        double yScale = 1.0 / h;
        double rm00 = xScale;
        double rm11 = yScale;
        double offX = Math.tan(offAngleX), offY = Math.tan(offAngleY);
        double rm20 = offX * xScale;
        double rm21 = offY * yScale;
        double rm22;
        double rm32;
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = e - 1.0;
            rm32 = (e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear;
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e;
            rm32 = ((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar;
        } else {
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar);
            rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar);
        }
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        double nm20 = m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22 - m30;
        double nm21 = m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22 - m31;
        double nm22 = m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22 - m32;
        double nm23 = m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22 - m33;
        dest._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m30(m20 * rm32)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION
                | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL | (rm20 == 0.0 && rm21 == 0.0 ? 0 : PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE)));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>offAngleX</code> and <code>offAngleY</code> are the horizontal and vertical angles between
     * the line of sight and the line given by the center of the near and far frustum planes. So, when <code>offAngleY</code>
     * is just <code>fovy/2</code> then the projection frustum is rotated towards +Y and the bottom frustum plane 
     * is parallel to the XZ-plane.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveOffCenter}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param offAngleX
     *            the horizontal angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param offAngleY
     *            the vertical angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenter(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return perspectiveOffCenter(fovy, offAngleX, offAngleY, aspect, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation using for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>offAngleX</code> and <code>offAngleY</code> are the horizontal and vertical angles between
     * the line of sight and the line given by the center of the near and far frustum planes. So, when <code>offAngleY</code>
     * is just <code>fovy/2</code> then the projection frustum is rotated towards +Y and the bottom frustum plane 
     * is parallel to the XZ-plane.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveOffCenter}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param offAngleX
     *            the horizontal angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param offAngleY
     *            the vertical angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenter(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        perspectiveOffCenter(fovy, offAngleX, offAngleY, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>offAngleX</code> and <code>offAngleY</code> are the horizontal and vertical angles between
     * the line of sight and the line given by the center of the near and far frustum planes. So, when <code>offAngleY</code>
     * is just <code>fovy/2</code> then the projection frustum is rotated towards +Y and the bottom frustum plane 
     * is parallel to the XZ-plane.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveOffCenter}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param offAngleX
     *            the horizontal angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param offAngleY
     *            the vertical angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenter(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        perspectiveOffCenter(fovy, offAngleX, offAngleY, aspect, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveOffCenterFov}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFov(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        perspectiveOffCenterFov(angleLeft, angleRight, angleDown, angleUp, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFov(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return frustum(Math.tan(angleLeft)*zNear, Math.tan(angleRight)*zNear, Math.tan(angleDown)*zNear, Math.tan(angleUp)*zNear, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveOffCenterFov}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFov(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        perspectiveOffCenterFov(angleLeft, angleRight, angleDown, angleUp, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFov(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return frustum(Math.tan(angleLeft)*zNear, Math.tan(angleRight)*zNear, Math.tan(angleDown)*zNear, Math.tan(angleUp)*zNear, zNear, zFar, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(angleLeft, angleRight, angleDown, angleUp, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return frustumLH(Math.tan(angleLeft)*zNear, Math.tan(angleRight)*zNear, Math.tan(angleDown)*zNear, Math.tan(angleUp)*zNear, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(angleLeft, angleRight, angleDown, angleUp, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return frustumLH(Math.tan(angleLeft)*zNear, Math.tan(angleRight)*zNear, Math.tan(angleDown)*zNear, Math.tan(angleUp)*zNear, zNear, zFar, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double, bool) perspective()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspective(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        double h = Math.tan(fovy * 0.5);
        _m00(1.0 / (h * aspect)).
        _m01(0.0).
        _m02(0.0).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(0.0).
        _m11(1.0 / h).
        _m12(0.0).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(0.0).
        _m21(0.0);
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22(e - 1.0).
            _m32((e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear);
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e).
            _m32(((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar);
        } else {
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar)).
            _m32((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar));
        }
        _m23(-1.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m33(0.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspective(double, double, double, double) perspective()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspective(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setPerspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveRect(double, double, double, double, bool) perspectiveRect()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveRect(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the width of the near frustum plane
     * @param height
     *            the height of the near frustum plane
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveRect(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        this.zero();
        this._m00((zNear + zNear) / width);
        this._m11((zNear + zNear) / height);
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            this._m22(e - 1.0);
            this._m32((e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear);
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6f;
            this._m22((zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e);
            this._m32(((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar);
        } else {
            this._m22((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar));
            this._m32((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar));
        }
        this._m23(-1.0);
        properties = PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveRect(double, double, double, double) perspectiveRect()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveRect(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param width
     *            the width of the near frustum plane
     * @param height
     *            the height of the near frustum plane
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveRect(double width, double height, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setPerspectiveRect(width, height, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed
     * coordinate system using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>offAngleX</code> and <code>offAngleY</code> are the horizontal and vertical angles between
     * the line of sight and the line given by the center of the near and far frustum planes. So, when <code>offAngleY</code>
     * is just <code>fovy/2</code> then the projection frustum is rotated towards +Y and the bottom frustum plane 
     * is parallel to the XZ-plane.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double) perspectiveOffCenter()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param offAngleX
     *            the horizontal angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param offAngleY
     *            the vertical angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveOffCenter(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY,
            double aspect, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setPerspectiveOffCenter(fovy, offAngleX, offAngleY, aspect, zNear, zFar, false);
    }
    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed
     * coordinate system using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>offAngleX</code> and <code>offAngleY</code> are the horizontal and vertical angles between
     * the line of sight and the line given by the center of the near and far frustum planes. So, when <code>offAngleY</code>
     * is just <code>fovy/2</code> then the projection frustum is rotated towards +Y and the bottom frustum plane 
     * is parallel to the XZ-plane.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double) perspectiveOffCenter()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveOffCenter(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param offAngleX
     *            the horizontal angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param offAngleY
     *            the vertical angle between the line of sight and the line crossing the center of the near and far frustum planes
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveOffCenter(double fovy, double offAngleX, double offAngleY,
                                            double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        this.zero();
        double h = Math.tan(fovy * 0.5);
        double xScale = 1.0 / (h * aspect), yScale = 1.0 / h;
        _m00(xScale).
        _m11(yScale);
        double offX = Math.tan(offAngleX), offY = Math.tan(offAngleY);
        _m20(offX * xScale).
        _m21(offY * yScale);
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22(e - 1.0).
            _m32((e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear);
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e).
            _m32(((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar);
        } else {
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar)).
            _m32((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar));
        }
        _m23(-1.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m33(0.0).
        properties = offAngleX == 0.0 && offAngleY == 0.0 ? PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE : 0;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate
     * system using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double) perspectiveOffCenterFov()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(angleLeft, angleRight, angleDown, angleUp, zNear, zFar, false);
    }
    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) perspectiveOffCenterFov()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveOffCenterFov(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveOffCenterFov(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        return setFrustum(Math.tan(angleLeft)*zNear, Math.tan(angleRight)*zNear, Math.tan(angleDown)*zNear, Math.tan(angleUp)*zNear, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate
     * system using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) perspectiveOffCenterFovLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(angleLeft, angleRight, angleDown, angleUp, zNear, zFar, false);
    }
    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an asymmetric off-center perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * The given angles <code>angleLeft</code> and <code>angleRight</code> are the horizontal angles between
     * the left and right frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * The angles <code>angleDown</code> and <code>angleUp</code> are the vertical angles between
     * the bottom and top frustum planes, respectively, and a line perpendicular to the near and far frustum planes.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) perspectiveOffCenterFovLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param angleLeft
     *            the horizontal angle between left frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleRight
     *            the horizontal angle between right frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param angleDown
     *            the vertical angle between bottom frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes.
     *            For a symmetric frustum, this value is negative.
     * @param angleUp
     *            the vertical angle between top frustum plane and a line perpendicular to the near/far frustum planes
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveOffCenterFovLH(double angleLeft, double angleRight, double angleDown, double angleUp, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        return setFrustumLH(Math.tan(angleLeft)*zNear, Math.tan(angleRight)*zNear, Math.tan(angleDown)*zNear, Math.tan(angleUp)*zNear, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspectiveLH(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setPerspectiveLH(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return perspectiveLHGeneric(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d perspectiveLHGeneric(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double h = Math.tan(fovy * 0.5);
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = 1.0 / (h * aspect);
        double rm11 = 1.0 / h;
        double rm22;
        double rm32;
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = 1.0 - e;
            rm32 = (e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear;
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e;
            rm32 = ((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar;
        } else {
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zFar - zNear);
            rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar);
        }
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        double nm20 = m20 * rm22 + m30;
        double nm21 = m21 * rm22 + m31;
        double nm22 = m22 * rm22 + m32;
        double nm23 = m23 * rm22 + m33;
        dest._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m30(m20 * rm32)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double, bool) setPerspectiveLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveLH(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        perspectiveLH(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d perspectiveLH(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return perspectiveLH(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>P</code> the perspective projection matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * P</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * P * v</code>,
     * the perspective projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double) setPerspectiveLH}.
     * 
     * @see #setPerspectiveLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d perspectiveLH(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        perspectiveLH(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveLH(double, double, double, double, bool) perspectiveLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveLH(double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveLH(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        double h = Math.tan(fovy * 0.5);
        _m00(1.0 / (h * aspect)).
        _m01(0.0).
        _m02(0.0).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(0.0).
        _m11(1.0 / h).
        _m12(0.0).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(0.0).
        _m21(0.0);
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22(1.0 - e).
            _m32((e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear);
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e).
            _m32(((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar);
        } else {
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zFar - zNear)).
            _m32((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar));
        }
        _m23(1.0).
        _m30(0.0).
        _m31(0.0).
        _m33(0.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be a symmetric perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective projection transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #perspectiveLH(double, double, double, double) perspectiveLH()}.
     * 
     * @see #perspectiveLH(double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param fovy
     *            the vertical field of view in radians (must be greater than zero and less than {@link Math#PI PI})
     * @param aspect
     *            the aspect ratio (i.e. width / height; must be greater than zero)
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setPerspectiveLH(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setPerspectiveLH(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setFrustum()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d frustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return frustumGeneric(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d frustumGeneric(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = (zNear + zNear) / (right - left);
        double rm11 = (zNear + zNear) / (top - bottom);
        double rm20 = (right + left) / (right - left);
        double rm21 = (top + bottom) / (top - bottom);
        double rm22;
        double rm32;
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = e - 1.0;
            rm32 = (e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear;
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e;
            rm32 = ((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar;
        } else {
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar);
            rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar);
        }
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        double nm20 = m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22 - m30;
        double nm21 = m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22 - m31;
        double nm22 = m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22 - m32;
        double nm23 = m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22 - m33;
        dest._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m30(m20 * rm32)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) setFrustum()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d frustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return frustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setFrustum()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d frustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        frustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) setFrustum()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustum(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d frustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        frustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective frustum transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) frustum()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setFrustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00((zNear + zNear) / (right - left)).
        _m11((zNear + zNear) / (top - bottom)).
        _m20((right + left) / (right - left)).
        _m21((top + bottom) / (top - bottom));
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22(e - 1.0).
            _m32((e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear);
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e).
            _m32(((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar);
        } else {
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zNear - zFar)).
            _m32((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar));
        }
        _m23(-1.0).
        _m33(0.0).
        properties = this.m20 == 0.0 && this.m21 == 0.0 ? PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE : 0;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a right-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective frustum transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double) frustum()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #frustum(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setFrustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setFrustumLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d frustumLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) != 0)
            return dest.setFrustumLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne);
        return frustumLHGeneric(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, dest);
    }
    private Matrix4d frustumLHGeneric(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // calculate right matrix elements
        double rm00 = (zNear + zNear) / (right - left);
        double rm11 = (zNear + zNear) / (top - bottom);
        double rm20 = (right + left) / (right - left);
        double rm21 = (top + bottom) / (top - bottom);
        double rm22;
        double rm32;
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = 1.0 - e;
            rm32 = (e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear;
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e;
            rm32 = ((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar;
        } else {
            rm22 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zFar - zNear);
            rm32 = (zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar);
        }
        // perform optimized matrix multiplication
        double nm20 = m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22 + m30;
        double nm21 = m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22 + m31;
        double nm22 = m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22 + m32;
        double nm23 = m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22 + m33;
        dest._m00(m00 * rm00)
        ._m01(m01 * rm00)
        ._m02(m02 * rm00)
        ._m03(m03 * rm00)
        ._m10(m10 * rm11)
        ._m11(m11 * rm11)
        ._m12(m12 * rm11)
        ._m13(m13 * rm11)
        ._m30(m20 * rm32)
        ._m31(m21 * rm32)
        ._m32(m22 * rm32)
        ._m33(m23 * rm32)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) setFrustumLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d frustumLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        frustumLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, zZeroToOne, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> to this matrix and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) setFrustumLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d frustumLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return frustumLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using the given NDC z range to this matrix.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>F</code> the frustum matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * F</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * F * v</code>,
     * the frustum transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a perspective frustum transformation without post-multiplying,
     * use {@link #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) setFrustumLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #setFrustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d frustumLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        frustumLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective frustum transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #frustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool) frustumLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #frustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double, bool)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zZeroToOne
     *            whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *            or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setFrustumLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar, bool zZeroToOne) return {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            _identity();
        _m00((zNear + zNear) / (right - left)).
        _m11((zNear + zNear) / (top - bottom)).
        _m20((right + left) / (right - left)).
        _m21((top + bottom) / (top - bottom));
        bool farInf = zFar > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zFar);
        bool nearInf = zNear > 0 && Math.isInfinite(zNear);
        if (farInf) {
            // See: "Infinite Projection Matrix" (http://www.terathon.com/gdc07_lengyel.pdf)
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22(1.0 - e).
            _m32((e - (zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0)) * zNear);
        } else if (nearInf) {
            double e = 1E-6;
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? 0.0 : 1.0) - e).
            _m32(((zZeroToOne ? 1.0 : 2.0) - e) * zFar);
        } else {
            _m22((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zNear) / (zFar - zNear)).
            _m32((zZeroToOne ? zFar : zFar + zFar) * zNear / (zNear - zFar));
        }
        _m23(1.0).
        _m33(0.0).
        properties = this.m20 == 0.0 && this.m21 == 0.0 ? PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE : 0;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to be an arbitrary perspective projection frustum transformation for a left-handed coordinate system
     * using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the perspective frustum transformation to an existing transformation,
     * use {@link #frustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double) frustumLH()}.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_projectionmatrix.html#perspective">http://www.songho.ca</a>
     * 
     * @see #frustumLH(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param left
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the left frustum edge
     * @param right
     *            the distance along the x-axis to the right frustum edge
     * @param bottom
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the bottom frustum edge
     * @param top
     *            the distance along the y-axis to the top frustum edge
     * @param zNear
     *            near clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zFar</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @param zFar
     *            far clipping plane distance. This value must be greater than zero.
     *            If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *            In that case, <code>zNear</code> may not also be {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}.
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setFrustumLH(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) return {
        return setFrustumLH(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to represent a perspective projection equivalent to the given intrinsic camera calibration parameters.
     * The resulting matrix will be suited for a right-handed coordinate system using OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * See: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_resectioning#Intrinsic_parameters">https://en.wikipedia.org/</a>
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://ksimek.github.io/2013/06/03/calibrated_cameras_in_opengl/">http://ksimek.github.io/</a>
     * 
     * @param alphaX
     *          specifies the focal length and scale along the X axis
     * @param alphaY
     *          specifies the focal length and scale along the Y axis
     * @param gamma
     *          the skew coefficient between the X and Y axis (may be <code>0</code>)
     * @param u0
     *          the X coordinate of the principal point in image/sensor units
     * @param v0
     *          the Y coordinate of the principal point in image/sensor units
     * @param imgWidth
     *          the width of the sensor/image image/sensor units
     * @param imgHeight
     *          the height of the sensor/image image/sensor units
     * @param near
     *          the distance to the near plane
     * @param far
     *          the distance to the far plane
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d setFromIntrinsic(double alphaX, double alphaY, double gamma, double u0, double v0, int imgWidth, int imgHeight, double near, double far) return {
        double l00 = 2.0 / imgWidth;
        double l11 = 2.0 / imgHeight;
        double l22 = 2.0 / (near - far);
        setm00(l00 * alphaX);
        setm01(0.0);
        setm02(0.0);
        setm03(0.0);
        setm10(l00 * gamma);
        setm11(l11 * alphaY);
        setm12(0.0);
        setm13(0.0);
        setm20(l00 * u0 - 1.0);
        setm21(l11 * v0 - 1.0);
        setm22(l22 * -(near + far) + (far + near) / (near - far));
        setm23(-1.0);
        setm30(0.0);
        setm31(0.0);
        setm32(l22 * -near * far);
        setm33(0.0);
        this.properties = PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE;
        return this;
    }

    public Vector4d frustumPlane(int plane, ref Vector4d dest) {
        switch (plane) {
        case PLANE_NX:
            dest.set(m03 + m00, m13 + m10, m23 + m20, m33 + m30).normalize3();
            break;
        case PLANE_PX:
            dest.set(m03 - m00, m13 - m10, m23 - m20, m33 - m30).normalize3();
            break;
        case PLANE_NY:
            dest.set(m03 + m01, m13 + m11, m23 + m21, m33 + m31).normalize3();
            break;
        case PLANE_PY:
            dest.set(m03 - m01, m13 - m11, m23 - m21, m33 - m31).normalize3();
            break;
        case PLANE_NZ:
            dest.set(m03 + m02, m13 + m12, m23 + m22, m33 + m32).normalize3();
            break;
        case PLANE_PZ:
            dest.set(m03 - m02, m13 - m12, m23 - m22, m33 - m32).normalize3();
            break;
        default:
            // do nothing
        }
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d frustumCorner(int corner, ref Vector3d dest) {
        double d1, d2, d3;
        double n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, n2y, n2z, n3x, n3y, n3z;
        switch (corner) {
        case CORNER_NXNYNZ: // left, bottom, near
            n1x = m03 + m00; n1y = m13 + m10; n1z = m23 + m20; d1 = m33 + m30; // left
            n2x = m03 + m01; n2y = m13 + m11; n2z = m23 + m21; d2 = m33 + m31; // bottom
            n3x = m03 + m02; n3y = m13 + m12; n3z = m23 + m22; d3 = m33 + m32; // near
            break;
        case CORNER_PXNYNZ: // right, bottom, near
            n1x = m03 - m00; n1y = m13 - m10; n1z = m23 - m20; d1 = m33 - m30; // right
            n2x = m03 + m01; n2y = m13 + m11; n2z = m23 + m21; d2 = m33 + m31; // bottom
            n3x = m03 + m02; n3y = m13 + m12; n3z = m23 + m22; d3 = m33 + m32; // near
            break;
        case CORNER_PXPYNZ: // right, top, near
            n1x = m03 - m00; n1y = m13 - m10; n1z = m23 - m20; d1 = m33 - m30; // right
            n2x = m03 - m01; n2y = m13 - m11; n2z = m23 - m21; d2 = m33 - m31; // top
            n3x = m03 + m02; n3y = m13 + m12; n3z = m23 + m22; d3 = m33 + m32; // near
            break;
        case CORNER_NXPYNZ: // left, top, near
            n1x = m03 + m00; n1y = m13 + m10; n1z = m23 + m20; d1 = m33 + m30; // left
            n2x = m03 - m01; n2y = m13 - m11; n2z = m23 - m21; d2 = m33 - m31; // top
            n3x = m03 + m02; n3y = m13 + m12; n3z = m23 + m22; d3 = m33 + m32; // near
            break;
        case CORNER_PXNYPZ: // right, bottom, far
            n1x = m03 - m00; n1y = m13 - m10; n1z = m23 - m20; d1 = m33 - m30; // right
            n2x = m03 + m01; n2y = m13 + m11; n2z = m23 + m21; d2 = m33 + m31; // bottom
            n3x = m03 - m02; n3y = m13 - m12; n3z = m23 - m22; d3 = m33 - m32; // far
            break;
        case CORNER_NXNYPZ: // left, bottom, far
            n1x = m03 + m00; n1y = m13 + m10; n1z = m23 + m20; d1 = m33 + m30; // left
            n2x = m03 + m01; n2y = m13 + m11; n2z = m23 + m21; d2 = m33 + m31; // bottom
            n3x = m03 - m02; n3y = m13 - m12; n3z = m23 - m22; d3 = m33 - m32; // far
            break;
        case CORNER_NXPYPZ: // left, top, far
            n1x = m03 + m00; n1y = m13 + m10; n1z = m23 + m20; d1 = m33 + m30; // left
            n2x = m03 - m01; n2y = m13 - m11; n2z = m23 - m21; d2 = m33 - m31; // top
            n3x = m03 - m02; n3y = m13 - m12; n3z = m23 - m22; d3 = m33 - m32; // far
            break;
        case CORNER_PXPYPZ: // right, top, far
            n1x = m03 - m00; n1y = m13 - m10; n1z = m23 - m20; d1 = m33 - m30; // right
            n2x = m03 - m01; n2y = m13 - m11; n2z = m23 - m21; d2 = m33 - m31; // top
            n3x = m03 - m02; n3y = m13 - m12; n3z = m23 - m22; d3 = m33 - m32; // far
            break;
        default:
            // do nothing
        }
        double c23x, c23y, c23z;
        c23x = n2y * n3z - n2z * n3y;
        c23y = n2z * n3x - n2x * n3z;
        c23z = n2x * n3y - n2y * n3x;
        double c31x, c31y, c31z;
        c31x = n3y * n1z - n3z * n1y;
        c31y = n3z * n1x - n3x * n1z;
        c31z = n3x * n1y - n3y * n1x;
        double c12x, c12y, c12z;
        c12x = n1y * n2z - n1z * n2y;
        c12y = n1z * n2x - n1x * n2z;
        c12z = n1x * n2y - n1y * n2x;
        double invDot = 1.0 / (n1x * c23x + n1y * c23y + n1z * c23z);
        dest.x = (-c23x * d1 - c31x * d2 - c12x * d3) * invDot;
        dest.y = (-c23y * d1 - c31y * d2 - c12y * d3) * invDot;
        dest.z = (-c23z * d1 - c31z * d2 - c12z * d3) * invDot;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d perspectiveOrigin(ref Vector3d dest) {
        /*
         * Simply compute the intersection point of the left, right and top frustum plane.
         */
        double d1, d2, d3;
        double n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, n2y, n2z, n3x, n3y, n3z;
        n1x = m03 + m00; n1y = m13 + m10; n1z = m23 + m20; d1 = m33 + m30; // left
        n2x = m03 - m00; n2y = m13 - m10; n2z = m23 - m20; d2 = m33 - m30; // right
        n3x = m03 - m01; n3y = m13 - m11; n3z = m23 - m21; d3 = m33 - m31; // top
        double c23x, c23y, c23z;
        c23x = n2y * n3z - n2z * n3y;
        c23y = n2z * n3x - n2x * n3z;
        c23z = n2x * n3y - n2y * n3x;
        double c31x, c31y, c31z;
        c31x = n3y * n1z - n3z * n1y;
        c31y = n3z * n1x - n3x * n1z;
        c31z = n3x * n1y - n3y * n1x;
        double c12x, c12y, c12z;
        c12x = n1y * n2z - n1z * n2y;
        c12y = n1z * n2x - n1x * n2z;
        c12z = n1x * n2y - n1y * n2x;
        double invDot = 1.0 / (n1x * c23x + n1y * c23y + n1z * c23z);
        dest.x = (-c23x * d1 - c31x * d2 - c12x * d3) * invDot;
        dest.y = (-c23y * d1 - c31y * d2 - c12y * d3) * invDot;
        dest.z = (-c23z * d1 - c31z * d2 - c12z * d3) * invDot;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d perspectiveInvOrigin(ref Vector3d dest) {
        double invW = 1.0 / m23;
        dest.x = m20 * invW;
        dest.y = m21 * invW;
        dest.z = m22 * invW;
        return dest;
    }

    public double perspectiveFov() {
        /*
         * Compute the angle between the bottom and top frustum plane normals.
         */
        double n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, n2y, n2z;
        n1x = m03 + m01; n1y = m13 + m11; n1z = m23 + m21; // bottom
        n2x = m01 - m03; n2y = m11 - m13; n2z = m21 - m23; // top
        double n1len = Math.sqrt(n1x * n1x + n1y * n1y + n1z * n1z);
        double n2len = Math.sqrt(n2x * n2x + n2y * n2y + n2z * n2z);
        return Math.acos((n1x * n2x + n1y * n2y + n1z * n2z) / (n1len * n2len));
    }

    public double perspectiveNear() {
        return m32 / (m23 + m22);
    }

    public double perspectiveFar() {
        return m32 / (m22 - m23);
    }

    public Vector3d frustumRayDir(double x, double y, ref Vector3d dest) {
        /*
         * This method works by first obtaining the frustum plane normals,
         * then building the cross product to obtain the corner rays,
         * and finally bilinearly interpolating to obtain the desired direction.
         * The code below uses a condense form of doing all this making use 
         * of some mathematical identities to simplify the overall expression.
         */
        double a = m10 * m23, b = m13 * m21, c = m10 * m21, d = m11 * m23, e = m13 * m20, f = m11 * m20;
        double g = m03 * m20, h = m01 * m23, i = m01 * m20, j = m03 * m21, k = m00 * m23, l = m00 * m21;
        double m = m00 * m13, n = m03 * m11, o = m00 * m11, p = m01 * m13, q = m03 * m10, r = m01 * m10;
        double m1x, m1y, m1z;
        m1x = (d + e + f - a - b - c) * (1.0 - y) + (a - b - c + d - e + f) * y;
        m1y = (j + k + l - g - h - i) * (1.0 - y) + (g - h - i + j - k + l) * y;
        m1z = (p + q + r - m - n - o) * (1.0 - y) + (m - n - o + p - q + r) * y;
        double m2x, m2y, m2z;
        m2x = (b - c - d + e + f - a) * (1.0 - y) + (a + b - c - d - e + f) * y;
        m2y = (h - i - j + k + l - g) * (1.0 - y) + (g + h - i - j - k + l) * y;
        m2z = (n - o - p + q + r - m) * (1.0 - y) + (m + n - o - p - q + r) * y;
        dest.x = m1x * (1.0 - x) + m2x * x;
        dest.y = m1y * (1.0 - x) + m2y * x;
        dest.z = m1z * (1.0 - x) + m2z * x;
        return dest.normalize(dest);
    }

    public Vector3d positiveZ(ref Vector3d dir) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0)
            return normalizedPositiveZ(dir);
        return positiveZGeneric(dir);
    }
    private Vector3d positiveZGeneric(ref Vector3d dir) {
        return dir.set(m10 * m21 - m11 * m20, m20 * m01 - m21 * m00, m00 * m11 - m01 * m10).normalize();
    }

    public Vector3d normalizedPositiveZ(ref Vector3d dir) {
        return dir.set(m02, m12, m22);
    }

    public Vector3d positiveX(ref Vector3d dir) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0)
            return normalizedPositiveX(dir);
        return positiveXGeneric(dir);
    }
    private Vector3d positiveXGeneric(ref Vector3d dir) {
        return dir.set(m11 * m22 - m12 * m21, m02 * m21 - m01 * m22, m01 * m12 - m02 * m11).normalize();
    }

    public Vector3d normalizedPositiveX(ref Vector3d dir) {
        return dir.set(m00, m10, m20);
    }

    public Vector3d positiveY(ref Vector3d dir) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) != 0)
            return normalizedPositiveY(dir);
        return positiveYGeneric(dir);
    }
    private Vector3d positiveYGeneric(ref Vector3d dir) {
        return dir.set(m12 * m20 - m10 * m22, m00 * m22 - m02 * m20, m02 * m10 - m00 * m12).normalize();
    }

    public Vector3d normalizedPositiveY(ref Vector3d dir) {
        return dir.set(m01, m11, m21);
    }

    public Vector3d originAffine(ref Vector3d dest) {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        dest.x = -m10 * j + m11 * h - m12 * g;
        dest.y =  m00 * j - m01 * h + m02 * g;
        dest.z = -m30 * d + m31 * b - m32 * a;
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d origin(ref Vector3d dest) {
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE) != 0)
            return originAffine(dest);
        return originGeneric(dest);
    }
    private Vector3d originGeneric(ref Vector3d dest) {
        double a = m00 * m11 - m01 * m10;
        double b = m00 * m12 - m02 * m10;
        double c = m00 * m13 - m03 * m10;
        double d = m01 * m12 - m02 * m11;
        double e = m01 * m13 - m03 * m11;
        double f = m02 * m13 - m03 * m12;
        double g = m20 * m31 - m21 * m30;
        double h = m20 * m32 - m22 * m30;
        double i = m20 * m33 - m23 * m30;
        double j = m21 * m32 - m22 * m31;
        double k = m21 * m33 - m23 * m31;
        double l = m22 * m33 - m23 * m32;
        double det = a * l - b * k + c * j + d * i - e * h + f * g;
        double invDet = 1.0 / det;
        double nm30 = (-m10 * j + m11 * h - m12 * g) * invDet;
        double nm31 = ( m00 * j - m01 * h + m02 * g) * invDet;
        double nm32 = (-m30 * d + m31 * b - m32 * a) * invDet;
        double nm33 = det / ( m20 * d - m21 * b + m22 * a);
        double x = nm30 * nm33;
        double y = nm31 * nm33;
        double z = nm32 * nm33;
        return dest.set(x, y, z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a projection transformation to this matrix that projects onto the plane specified via the general plane equation
     * <code>x*a + y*b + z*c + d = 0</code> as if casting a shadow from a given light position/direction <code>light</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>light.w</code> is <code>0.0</code> the light is being treated as a directional light; if it is <code>1.0</code> it is a point light.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the shadow matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * shadow projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/opengl/contrib/blythe/advanced99/notes/node192.html">ftp.sgi.com</a>
     * 
     * @param light
     *          the light's vector
     * @param a
     *          the x factor in the plane equation
     * @param b
     *          the y factor in the plane equation
     * @param c
     *          the z factor in the plane equation
     * @param d
     *          the constant in the plane equation
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d shadow(ref Vector4d light, double a, double b, double c, double d) return {
        shadow(light.x, light.y, light.z, light.w, a, b, c, d, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d shadow(ref Vector4d light, double a, double b, double c, double d, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return shadow(light.x, light.y, light.z, light.w, a, b, c, d, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a projection transformation to this matrix that projects onto the plane specified via the general plane equation
     * <code>x*a + y*b + z*c + d = 0</code> as if casting a shadow from a given light position/direction <code>(lightX, lightY, lightZ, lightW)</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>lightW</code> is <code>0.0</code> the light is being treated as a directional light; if it is <code>1.0</code> it is a point light.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the shadow matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * shadow projection will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/opengl/contrib/blythe/advanced99/notes/node192.html">ftp.sgi.com</a>
     * 
     * @param lightX
     *          the x-component of the light's vector
     * @param lightY
     *          the y-component of the light's vector
     * @param lightZ
     *          the z-component of the light's vector
     * @param lightW
     *          the w-component of the light's vector
     * @param a
     *          the x factor in the plane equation
     * @param b
     *          the y factor in the plane equation
     * @param c
     *          the z factor in the plane equation
     * @param d
     *          the constant in the plane equation
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d shadow(double lightX, double lightY, double lightZ, double lightW, double a, double b, double c, double d) return {
        shadow(lightX, lightY, lightZ, lightW, a, b, c, d, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d shadow(double lightX, double lightY, double lightZ, double lightW, double a, double b, double c, double d, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // normalize plane
        double invPlaneLen = Math.invsqrt(a*a + b*b + c*c);
        double an = a * invPlaneLen;
        double bn = b * invPlaneLen;
        double cn = c * invPlaneLen;
        double dn = d * invPlaneLen;

        double dot = an * lightX + bn * lightY + cn * lightZ + dn * lightW;

        // compute right matrix elements
        double rm00 = dot - an * lightX;
        double rm01 = -an * lightY;
        double rm02 = -an * lightZ;
        double rm03 = -an * lightW;
        double rm10 = -bn * lightX;
        double rm11 = dot - bn * lightY;
        double rm12 = -bn * lightZ;
        double rm13 = -bn * lightW;
        double rm20 = -cn * lightX;
        double rm21 = -cn * lightY;
        double rm22 = dot - cn * lightZ;
        double rm23 = -cn * lightW;
        double rm30 = -dn * lightX;
        double rm31 = -dn * lightY;
        double rm32 = -dn * lightZ;
        double rm33 = dot - dn * lightW;

        // matrix multiplication
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02 + m30 * rm03;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02 + m31 * rm03;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02 + m32 * rm03;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02 + m33 * rm03;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12 + m30 * rm13;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12 + m31 * rm13;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12 + m32 * rm13;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12 + m33 * rm13;
        double nm20 = m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22 + m30 * rm23;
        double nm21 = m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22 + m31 * rm23;
        double nm22 = m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22 + m32 * rm23;
        double nm23 = m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22 + m33 * rm23;
        dest._m30(m00 * rm30 + m10 * rm31 + m20 * rm32 + m30 * rm33)
        ._m31(m01 * rm30 + m11 * rm31 + m21 * rm32 + m31 * rm33)
        ._m32(m02 * rm30 + m12 * rm31 + m22 * rm32 + m32 * rm33)
        ._m33(m03 * rm30 + m13 * rm31 + m23 * rm32 + m33 * rm33)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d shadow(ref Vector4d light, Matrix4d planeTransform, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // compute plane equation by transforming (y = 0)
        double a = planeTransform.m10;
        double b = planeTransform.m11;
        double c = planeTransform.m12;
        double d = -a * planeTransform.m30 - b * planeTransform.m31 - c * planeTransform.m32;
        return shadow(light.x, light.y, light.z, light.w, a, b, c, d, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a projection transformation to this matrix that projects onto the plane with the general plane equation
     * <code>y = 0</code> as if casting a shadow from a given light position/direction <code>light</code>.
     * <p>
     * Before the shadow projection is applied, the plane is transformed via the specified <code>planeTransformation</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>light.w</code> is <code>0.0</code> the light is being treated as a directional light; if it is <code>1.0</code> it is a point light.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the shadow matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * shadow projection will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param light
     *          the light's vector
     * @param planeTransform
     *          the transformation to transform the implied plane <code>y = 0</code> before applying the projection
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d shadow(ref Vector4d light, Matrix4d planeTransform) return {
        shadow(light, planeTransform, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d shadow(double lightX, double lightY, double lightZ, double lightW, Matrix4d planeTransform, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // compute plane equation by transforming (y = 0)
        double a = planeTransform.m10;
        double b = planeTransform.m11;
        double c = planeTransform.m12;
        double d = -a * planeTransform.m30 - b * planeTransform.m31 - c * planeTransform.m32;
        return shadow(lightX, lightY, lightZ, lightW, a, b, c, d, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a projection transformation to this matrix that projects onto the plane with the general plane equation
     * <code>y = 0</code> as if casting a shadow from a given light position/direction <code>(lightX, lightY, lightZ, lightW)</code>.
     * <p>
     * Before the shadow projection is applied, the plane is transformed via the specified <code>planeTransformation</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>lightW</code> is <code>0.0</code> the light is being treated as a directional light; if it is <code>1.0</code> it is a point light.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>S</code> the shadow matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * S</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * S * v</code>, the
     * shadow projection will be applied first!
     * 
     * @param lightX
     *          the x-component of the light vector
     * @param lightY
     *          the y-component of the light vector
     * @param lightZ
     *          the z-component of the light vector
     * @param lightW
     *          the w-component of the light vector
     * @param planeTransform
     *          the transformation to transform the implied plane <code>y = 0</code> before applying the projection
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d shadow(double lightX, double lightY, double lightZ, double lightW, Matrix4d planeTransform) return {
        shadow(lightX, lightY, lightZ, lightW, planeTransform, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a cylindrical billboard transformation that rotates the local +Z axis of a given object with position <code>objPos</code> towards
     * a target position at <code>targetPos</code> while constraining a cylindrical rotation around the given <code>up</code> vector.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to create the complete model transformation for a given object, including the translation of the object to
     * its position <code>objPos</code>.
     * 
     * @param objPos
     *          the position of the object to rotate towards <code>targetPos</code>
     * @param targetPos
     *          the position of the target (for example the camera) towards which to rotate the object
     * @param up
     *          the rotation axis (must be {@link Vector3d#normalize() normalized})
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d billboardCylindrical(ref Vector3d objPos, Vector3d targetPos, Vector3d up) return {
        double dirX = targetPos.x - objPos.x;
        double dirY = targetPos.y - objPos.y;
        double dirZ = targetPos.z - objPos.z;
        // left = up x dir
        double leftX = up.y * dirZ - up.z * dirY;
        double leftY = up.z * dirX - up.x * dirZ;
        double leftZ = up.x * dirY - up.y * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLen = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLen;
        leftY *= invLeftLen;
        leftZ *= invLeftLen;
        // recompute dir by constraining rotation around 'up'
        // dir = left x up
        dirX = leftY * up.z - leftZ * up.y;
        dirY = leftZ * up.x - leftX * up.z;
        dirZ = leftX * up.y - leftY * up.x;
        // normalize dir
        double invDirLen = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLen;
        dirY *= invDirLen;
        dirZ *= invDirLen;
        // set matrix elements
        _m00(leftX).
        _m01(leftY).
        _m02(leftZ).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(up.x).
        _m11(up.y).
        _m12(up.z).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(dirX).
        _m21(dirY).
        _m22(dirZ).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(objPos.x).
        _m31(objPos.y).
        _m32(objPos.z).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a spherical billboard transformation that rotates the local +Z axis of a given object with position <code>objPos</code> towards
     * a target position at <code>targetPos</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to create the complete model transformation for a given object, including the translation of the object to
     * its position <code>objPos</code>.
     * <p>
     * If preserving an <i>up</i> vector is not necessary when rotating the +Z axis, then a shortest arc rotation can be obtained 
     * using {@link #billboardSpherical(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #billboardSpherical(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param objPos
     *          the position of the object to rotate towards <code>targetPos</code>
     * @param targetPos
     *          the position of the target (for example the camera) towards which to rotate the object
     * @param up
     *          the up axis used to orient the object
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d billboardSpherical(ref Vector3d objPos, Vector3d targetPos, Vector3d up) return {
        double dirX = targetPos.x - objPos.x;
        double dirY = targetPos.y - objPos.y;
        double dirZ = targetPos.z - objPos.z;
        // normalize dir
        double invDirLen = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        dirX *= invDirLen;
        dirY *= invDirLen;
        dirZ *= invDirLen;
        // left = up x dir
        double leftX = up.y * dirZ - up.z * dirY;
        double leftY = up.z * dirX - up.x * dirZ;
        double leftZ = up.x * dirY - up.y * dirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLen = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLen;
        leftY *= invLeftLen;
        leftZ *= invLeftLen;
        // up = dir x left
        double upX = dirY * leftZ - dirZ * leftY;
        double upY = dirZ * leftX - dirX * leftZ;
        double upZ = dirX * leftY - dirY * leftX;
        // set matrix elements
        _m00(leftX).
        _m01(leftY).
        _m02(leftZ).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(upX).
        _m11(upY).
        _m12(upZ).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(dirX).
        _m21(dirY).
        _m22(dirZ).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(objPos.x).
        _m31(objPos.y).
        _m32(objPos.z).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a spherical billboard transformation that rotates the local +Z axis of a given object with position <code>objPos</code> towards
     * a target position at <code>targetPos</code> using a shortest arc rotation by not preserving any <i>up</i> vector of the object.
     * <p>
     * This method can be used to create the complete model transformation for a given object, including the translation of the object to
     * its position <code>objPos</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to specify an <i>up</i> vector which needs to be maintained when rotating the +Z axis of the object,
     * use {@link #billboardSpherical(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)}.
     * 
     * @see #billboardSpherical(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param objPos
     *          the position of the object to rotate towards <code>targetPos</code>
     * @param targetPos
     *          the position of the target (for example the camera) towards which to rotate the object
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d billboardSpherical(ref Vector3d objPos, Vector3d targetPos) return {
        double toDirX = targetPos.x - objPos.x;
        double toDirY = targetPos.y - objPos.y;
        double toDirZ = targetPos.z - objPos.z;
        double x = -toDirY;
        double y = toDirX;
        double w = Math.sqrt(toDirX * toDirX + toDirY * toDirY + toDirZ * toDirZ) + toDirZ;
        double invNorm = Math.invsqrt(x * x + y * y + w * w);
        x *= invNorm;
        y *= invNorm;
        w *= invNorm;
        double q00 = (x + x) * x;
        double q11 = (y + y) * y;
        double q01 = (x + x) * y;
        double q03 = (x + x) * w;
        double q13 = (y + y) * w;
        _m00(1.0 - q11).
        _m01(q01).
        _m02(-q13).
        _m03(0.0).
        _m10(q01).
        _m11(1.0 - q00).
        _m12(q03).
        _m13(0.0).
        _m20(q13).
        _m21(-q03).
        _m22(1.0 - q11 - q00).
        _m23(0.0).
        _m30(objPos.x).
        _m31(objPos.y).
        _m32(objPos.z).
        _m33(1.0).
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    public int hashCode() {
        immutable int prime = 31;
        int result = 1;
        long temp;
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m00);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m01);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m02);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m03);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m10);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m11);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m12);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m13);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m20);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m21);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m22);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m23);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m30);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m31);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m32);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        temp = Math.doubleToLongBits(m33);
        result = prime * result + cast(int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        return result;
    }

    public bool equals(Matrix4d m, double delta) {
        if (this == m)
            return true;
        if (!Math.equals(m00, m.m00, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m01, m.m01, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m02, m.m02, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m03, m.m03, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m10, m.m10, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m11, m.m11, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m12, m.m12, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m13, m.m13, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m20, m.m20, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m21, m.m21, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m22, m.m22, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m23, m.m23, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m30, m.m30, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m31, m.m31, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m32, m.m32, delta))
            return false;
        if (!Math.equals(m33, m.m33, delta))
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    public Matrix4d pick(double x, double y, double width, double height, int[] viewport, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double sx = viewport[2] / width;
        double sy = viewport[3] / height;
        double tx = (viewport[2] + 2.0 * (viewport[0] - x)) / width;
        double ty = (viewport[3] + 2.0 * (viewport[1] - y)) / height;
        dest._m30(m00 * tx + m10 * ty + m30)
        ._m31(m01 * tx + m11 * ty + m31)
        ._m32(m02 * tx + m12 * ty + m32)
        ._m33(m03 * tx + m13 * ty + m33)
        ._m00(m00 * sx)
        ._m01(m01 * sx)
        ._m02(m02 * sx)
        ._m03(m03 * sx)
        ._m10(m10 * sy)
        ._m11(m11 * sy)
        ._m12(m12 * sy)
        ._m13(m13 * sy)
        ._properties(0);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a picking transformation to this matrix using the given window coordinates <code>(x, y)</code> as the pick center
     * and the given <code>(width, height)</code> as the size of the picking region in window coordinates.
     * 
     * @param x
     *          the x coordinate of the picking region center in window coordinates
     * @param y
     *          the y coordinate of the picking region center in window coordinates
     * @param width
     *          the width of the picking region in window coordinates
     * @param height
     *          the height of the picking region in window coordinates
     * @param viewport
     *          the viewport described by <code>[x, y, width, height]</code>
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d pick(double x, double y, double width, double height, int[] viewport) return {
        pick(x, y, width, height, viewport, this);
        return this;
    }

    public bool isAffine() {
        return m03 == 0.0 && m13 == 0.0 && m23 == 0.0 && m33 == 1.0;
    }

    /**
     * Exchange the values of <code>this</code> matrix with the given <code>other</code> matrix.
     * 
     * @param other
     *          the other matrix to exchange the values with
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d swap(ref Matrix4d other) return {
        double tmp;
        tmp = m00; m00 = other.m00; other.m00 = tmp;
        tmp = m01; m01 = other.m01; other.m01 = tmp;
        tmp = m02; m02 = other.m02; other.m02 = tmp;
        tmp = m03; m03 = other.m03; other.m03 = tmp;
        tmp = m10; m10 = other.m10; other.m10 = tmp;
        tmp = m11; m11 = other.m11; other.m11 = tmp;
        tmp = m12; m12 = other.m12; other.m12 = tmp;
        tmp = m13; m13 = other.m13; other.m13 = tmp;
        tmp = m20; m20 = other.m20; other.m20 = tmp;
        tmp = m21; m21 = other.m21; other.m21 = tmp;
        tmp = m22; m22 = other.m22; other.m22 = tmp;
        tmp = m23; m23 = other.m23; other.m23 = tmp;
        tmp = m30; m30 = other.m30; other.m30 = tmp;
        tmp = m31; m31 = other.m31; other.m31 = tmp;
        tmp = m32; m32 = other.m32; other.m32 = tmp;
        tmp = m33; m33 = other.m33; other.m33 = tmp;
        int props = properties;
        this.properties = other.properties;
        other.properties = props;
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d arcball(double radius, double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ, double angleX, double angleY, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m30 = m20 * -radius + this.m30;
        double m31 = m21 * -radius + this.m31;
        double m32 = m22 * -radius + this.m32;
        double m33 = m23 * -radius + this.m33;
        double sin = Math.sin(angleX);
        double cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, angleX);
        double nm10 = m10 * cos + m20 * sin;
        double nm11 = m11 * cos + m21 * sin;
        double nm12 = m12 * cos + m22 * sin;
        double nm13 = m13 * cos + m23 * sin;
        double m20 = this.m20 * cos - m10 * sin;
        double m21 = this.m21 * cos - m11 * sin;
        double m22 = this.m22 * cos - m12 * sin;
        double m23 = this.m23 * cos - m13 * sin;
        sin = Math.sin(angleY);
        cos = Math.cosFromSin(sin, angleY);
        double nm00 = m00 * cos - m20 * sin;
        double nm01 = m01 * cos - m21 * sin;
        double nm02 = m02 * cos - m22 * sin;
        double nm03 = m03 * cos - m23 * sin;
        double nm20 = m00 * sin + m20 * cos;
        double nm21 = m01 * sin + m21 * cos;
        double nm22 = m02 * sin + m22 * cos;
        double nm23 = m03 * sin + m23 * cos;
        dest._m30(-nm00 * centerX - nm10 * centerY - nm20 * centerZ + m30)
        ._m31(-nm01 * centerX - nm11 * centerY - nm21 * centerZ + m31)
        ._m32(-nm02 * centerX - nm12 * centerY - nm22 * centerZ + m32)
        ._m33(-nm03 * centerX - nm13 * centerY - nm23 * centerZ + m33)
        ._m20(nm20)
        ._m21(nm21)
        ._m22(nm22)
        ._m23(nm23)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d arcball(double radius, Vector3d center, double angleX, double angleY, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return arcball(radius, center.x, center.y, center.z, angleX, angleY, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arcball view transformation to this matrix with the given <code>radius</code> and center <code>(centerX, centerY, centerZ)</code>
     * position of the arcball and the specified X and Y rotation angles.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translate(0, 0, -radius).rotateX(angleX).rotateY(angleY).translate(-centerX, -centerY, -centerZ)</code>
     * 
     * @param radius
     *          the arcball radius
     * @param centerX
     *          the x coordinate of the center position of the arcball
     * @param centerY
     *          the y coordinate of the center position of the arcball
     * @param centerZ
     *          the z coordinate of the center position of the arcball
     * @param angleX
     *          the rotation angle around the X axis in radians
     * @param angleY
     *          the rotation angle around the Y axis in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d arcball(double radius, double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ, double angleX, double angleY) return {
        arcball(radius, centerX, centerY, centerZ, angleX, angleY, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an arcball view transformation to this matrix with the given <code>radius</code> and <code>center</code>
     * position of the arcball and the specified X and Y rotation angles.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translate(0, 0, -radius).rotateX(angleX).rotateY(angleY).translate(-center.x, -center.y, -center.z)</code>
     * 
     * @param radius
     *          the arcball radius
     * @param center
     *          the center position of the arcball
     * @param angleX
     *          the rotation angle around the X axis in radians
     * @param angleY
     *          the rotation angle around the Y axis in radians
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d arcball(double radius, Vector3d center, double angleX, double angleY) return {
        arcball(radius, center.x, center.y, center.z, angleX, angleY, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the axis-aligned bounding box of the frustum described by <code>this</code> matrix and store the minimum corner
     * coordinates in the given <code>min</code> and the maximum corner coordinates in the given <code>max</code> vector.
     * <p>
     * The matrix <code>this</code> is assumed to be the {@link #invert() inverse} of the origial view-projection matrix
     * for which to compute the axis-aligned bounding box in world-space.
     * <p>
     * The axis-aligned bounding box of the unit frustum is <code>(-1, -1, -1)</code>, <code>(1, 1, 1)</code>.
     * 
     * @param min
     *          will hold the minimum corner coordinates of the axis-aligned bounding box
     * @param max
     *          will hold the maximum corner coordinates of the axis-aligned bounding box
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d frustumAabb(ref Vector3d min, Vector3d max) return {
        double minX = double.infinity;
        double minY = double.infinity;
        double minZ = double.infinity;
        double maxX = -double.infinity;
        double maxY = -double.infinity;
        double maxZ = -double.infinity;
        for (int t = 0; t < 8; t++) {
            double x = ((t & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            double y = (((t >>> 1) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            double z = (((t >>> 2) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * x + m13 * y + m23 * z + m33);
            double nx = (m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30) * invW;
            double ny = (m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31) * invW;
            double nz = (m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32) * invW;
            minX = minX < nx ? minX : nx;
            minY = minY < ny ? minY : ny;
            minZ = minZ < nz ? minZ : nz;
            maxX = maxX > nx ? maxX : nx;
            maxY = maxY > ny ? maxY : ny;
            maxZ = maxZ > nz ? maxZ : nz;
        }
        min.x = minX;
        min.y = minY;
        min.z = minZ;
        max.x = maxX;
        max.y = maxY;
        max.z = maxZ;
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d projectedGridRange(Matrix4d projector, double sLower, double sUpper, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Compute intersection with frustum edges and plane
        double minX = double.infinity, minY = double.infinity;
        double maxX = -double.infinity, maxY = -double.infinity;
        bool intersection = false;
        for (int t = 0; t < 3 * 4; t++) {
            double c0X, c0Y, c0Z;
            double c1X, c1Y, c1Z;
            if (t < 4) {
                // all x edges
                c0X = -1; c1X = +1;
                c0Y = c1Y = ((t & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
                c0Z = c1Z = (((t >>> 1) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            } else if (t < 8) {
                // all y edges
                c0Y = -1; c1Y = +1;
                c0X = c1X = ((t & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
                c0Z = c1Z = (((t >>> 1) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            } else {
                // all z edges
                c0Z = -1; c1Z = +1;
                c0X = c1X = ((t & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
                c0Y = c1Y = (((t >>> 1) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            }
            // unproject corners
            double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * c0X + m13 * c0Y + m23 * c0Z + m33);
            double p0x = (m00 * c0X + m10 * c0Y + m20 * c0Z + m30) * invW;
            double p0y = (m01 * c0X + m11 * c0Y + m21 * c0Z + m31) * invW;
            double p0z = (m02 * c0X + m12 * c0Y + m22 * c0Z + m32) * invW;
            invW = 1.0 / (m03 * c1X + m13 * c1Y + m23 * c1Z + m33);
            double p1x = (m00 * c1X + m10 * c1Y + m20 * c1Z + m30) * invW;
            double p1y = (m01 * c1X + m11 * c1Y + m21 * c1Z + m31) * invW;
            double p1z = (m02 * c1X + m12 * c1Y + m22 * c1Z + m32) * invW;
            double dirX = p1x - p0x;
            double dirY = p1y - p0y;
            double dirZ = p1z - p0z;
            double invDenom = 1.0 / dirY;
            // test for intersection
            for (int s = 0; s < 2; s++) {
                double isectT = -(p0y + (s == 0 ? sLower : sUpper)) * invDenom;
                if (isectT >= 0.0 && isectT <= 1.0) {
                    intersection = true;
                    // project with projector matrix
                    double ix = p0x + isectT * dirX;
                    double iz = p0z + isectT * dirZ;
                    invW = 1.0 / (projector.m03 * ix + projector.m23 * iz + projector.m33);
                    double px = (projector.m00 * ix + projector.m20 * iz + projector.m30) * invW;
                    double py = (projector.m01 * ix + projector.m21 * iz + projector.m31) * invW;
                    minX = minX < px ? minX : px;
                    minY = minY < py ? minY : py;
                    maxX = maxX > px ? maxX : px;
                    maxY = maxY > py ? maxY : py;
                }
            }
        }
        if (!intersection)
            return dest; // <- projected grid is not visible
        dest.set(maxX - minX, 0, 0, 0, 0, maxY - minY, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, minX, minY, 0, 1)
        ._properties(PROPERTY_AFFINE);
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d perspectiveFrustumSlice(double near, double far, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double invOldNear = (m23 + m22) / m32;
        double invNearFar = 1.0 / (near - far);
        dest._m00(m00 * invOldNear * near)
        ._m01(m01)
        ._m02(m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10)
        ._m11(m11 * invOldNear * near)
        ._m12(m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m20)
        ._m21(m21)
        ._m22((far + near) * invNearFar)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32((far + far) * near * invNearFar)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
        return dest;
    }

    public Matrix4d orthoCrop(Matrix4d view, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // determine min/max world z and min/max orthographically view-projected x/y
        double minX = double.infinity, maxX = -double.infinity;
        double minY = double.infinity, maxY = -double.infinity;
        double minZ = double.infinity, maxZ = -double.infinity;
        for (int t = 0; t < 8; t++) {
            double x = ((t & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            double y = (((t >>> 1) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            double z = (((t >>> 2) & 1) << 1) - 1.0;
            double invW = 1.0 / (m03 * x + m13 * y + m23 * z + m33);
            double wx = (m00 * x + m10 * y + m20 * z + m30) * invW;
            double wy = (m01 * x + m11 * y + m21 * z + m31) * invW;
            double wz = (m02 * x + m12 * y + m22 * z + m32) * invW;
            invW = 1.0 / (view.m03 * wx + view.m13 * wy + view.m23 * wz + view.m33);
            double vx = view.m00 * wx + view.m10 * wy + view.m20 * wz + view.m30;
            double vy = view.m01 * wx + view.m11 * wy + view.m21 * wz + view.m31;
            double vz = (view.m02 * wx + view.m12 * wy + view.m22 * wz + view.m32) * invW;
            minX = minX < vx ? minX : vx;
            maxX = maxX > vx ? maxX : vx;
            minY = minY < vy ? minY : vy;
            maxY = maxY > vy ? maxY : vy;
            minZ = minZ < vz ? minZ : vz;
            maxZ = maxZ > vz ? maxZ : vz;
        }
        // build crop projection matrix to fit 'this' frustum into view
        return dest.setOrtho(minX, maxX, minY, maxY, -maxZ, -minZ);
    }

    /**
     * Set <code>this</code> matrix to a perspective transformation that maps the trapezoid spanned by the four corner coordinates
     * <code>(p0x, p0y)</code>, <code>(p1x, p1y)</code>, <code>(p2x, p2y)</code> and <code>(p3x, p3y)</code> to the unit square <code>[(-1, -1)..(+1, +1)]</code>.
     * <p>
     * The corner coordinates are given in counter-clockwise order starting from the <i>left</i> corner on the smaller parallel side of the trapezoid
     * seen when looking at the trapezoid oriented with its shorter parallel edge at the bottom and its longer parallel edge at the top.
     * <p>
     * Reference: <a href="http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~tants/tsm/TSM_recipe.html">Trapezoidal Shadow Maps (TSM) - Recipe</a>
     * 
     * @param p0x
     *          the x coordinate of the left corner at the shorter edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p0y
     *          the y coordinate of the left corner at the shorter edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p1x
     *          the x coordinate of the right corner at the shorter edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p1y
     *          the y coordinate of the right corner at the shorter edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p2x
     *          the x coordinate of the right corner at the longer edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p2y
     *          the y coordinate of the right corner at the longer edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p3x
     *          the x coordinate of the left corner at the longer edge of the trapezoid
     * @param p3y
     *          the y coordinate of the left corner at the longer edge of the trapezoid
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d trapezoidCrop(double p0x, double p0y, double p1x, double p1y, double p2x, double p2y, double p3x, double p3y) return {
        double aX = p1y - p0y, aY = p0x - p1x;
        double nm00 = aY;
        double nm10 = -aX;
        double nm30 = aX * p0y - aY * p0x;
        double nm01 = aX;
        double nm11 = aY;
        double nm31 = -(aX * p0x + aY * p0y);
        double c3x = nm00 * p3x + nm10 * p3y + nm30;
        double c3y = nm01 * p3x + nm11 * p3y + nm31;
        double s = -c3x / c3y;
        nm00 += s * nm01;
        nm10 += s * nm11;
        nm30 += s * nm31;
        double d1x = nm00 * p1x + nm10 * p1y + nm30;
        double d2x = nm00 * p2x + nm10 * p2y + nm30;
        double d = d1x * c3y / (d2x - d1x);
        nm31 += d;
        double sx = 2.0 / d2x;
        double sy = 1.0 / (c3y + d);
        double u = (sy + sy) * d / (1.0 - sy * d);
        double m03 = nm01 * sy;
        double m13 = nm11 * sy;
        double m33 = nm31 * sy;
        nm01 = (u + 1.0) * m03;
        nm11 = (u + 1.0) * m13;
        nm31 = (u + 1.0) * m33 - u;
        nm00 = sx * nm00 - m03;
        nm10 = sx * nm10 - m13;
        nm30 = sx * nm30 - m33;
        set(nm00, nm01, 0, m03,
            nm10, nm11, 0, m13,
              0,   0, 1,   0,
            nm30, nm31, 0, m33);
        properties = 0;
        return this;
    }

    ref public Matrix4d transformAab(double minX, double minY, double minZ, double maxX, double maxY, double maxZ, ref Vector3d outMin, ref Vector3d outMax) return {
        double xax = m00 * minX, xay = m01 * minX, xaz = m02 * minX;
        double xbx = m00 * maxX, xby = m01 * maxX, xbz = m02 * maxX;
        double yax = m10 * minY, yay = m11 * minY, yaz = m12 * minY;
        double ybx = m10 * maxY, yby = m11 * maxY, ybz = m12 * maxY;
        double zax = m20 * minZ, zay = m21 * minZ, zaz = m22 * minZ;
        double zbx = m20 * maxZ, zby = m21 * maxZ, zbz = m22 * maxZ;
        double xminx, xminy, xminz, yminx, yminy, yminz, zminx, zminy, zminz;
        double xmaxx, xmaxy, xmaxz, ymaxx, ymaxy, ymaxz, zmaxx, zmaxy, zmaxz;
        if (xax < xbx) {
            xminx = xax;
            xmaxx = xbx;
        } else {
            xminx = xbx;
            xmaxx = xax;
        }
        if (xay < xby) {
            xminy = xay;
            xmaxy = xby;
        } else {
            xminy = xby;
            xmaxy = xay;
        }
        if (xaz < xbz) {
            xminz = xaz;
            xmaxz = xbz;
        } else {
            xminz = xbz;
            xmaxz = xaz;
        }
        if (yax < ybx) {
            yminx = yax;
            ymaxx = ybx;
        } else {
            yminx = ybx;
            ymaxx = yax;
        }
        if (yay < yby) {
            yminy = yay;
            ymaxy = yby;
        } else {
            yminy = yby;
            ymaxy = yay;
        }
        if (yaz < ybz) {
            yminz = yaz;
            ymaxz = ybz;
        } else {
            yminz = ybz;
            ymaxz = yaz;
        }
        if (zax < zbx) {
            zminx = zax;
            zmaxx = zbx;
        } else {
            zminx = zbx;
            zmaxx = zax;
        }
        if (zay < zby) {
            zminy = zay;
            zmaxy = zby;
        } else {
            zminy = zby;
            zmaxy = zay;
        }
        if (zaz < zbz) {
            zminz = zaz;
            zmaxz = zbz;
        } else {
            zminz = zbz;
            zmaxz = zaz;
        }
        outMin.x = xminx + yminx + zminx + m30;
        outMin.y = xminy + yminy + zminy + m31;
        outMin.z = xminz + yminz + zminz + m32;
        outMax.x = xmaxx + ymaxx + zmaxx + m30;
        outMax.y = xmaxy + ymaxy + zmaxy + m31;
        outMax.z = xmaxz + ymaxz + zmaxz + m32;
        return this;
    }

    ref public Matrix4d transformAab(ref Vector3d min, ref Vector3d max, ref Vector3d outMin, ref Vector3d outMax) return {
        return transformAab(min.x, min.y, min.z, max.x, max.y, max.z, outMin, outMax);
    }

    /**
     * Linearly interpolate <code>this</code> and <code>other</code> using the given interpolation factor <code>t</code>
     * and store the result in <code>this</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>t</code> is <code>0.0</code> then the result is <code>this</code>. If the interpolation factor is <code>1.0</code>
     * then the result is <code>other</code>.
     *
     * @param other
     *          the other matrix
     * @param t
     *          the interpolation factor between 0.0 and 1.0
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d lerp(Matrix4d other, double t) return {
        lerp(other, t, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d lerp(Matrix4d other, double t, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(Math.fma(other.m00 - m00, t, m00))
        ._m01(Math.fma(other.m01 - m01, t, m01))
        ._m02(Math.fma(other.m02 - m02, t, m02))
        ._m03(Math.fma(other.m03 - m03, t, m03))
        ._m10(Math.fma(other.m10 - m10, t, m10))
        ._m11(Math.fma(other.m11 - m11, t, m11))
        ._m12(Math.fma(other.m12 - m12, t, m12))
        ._m13(Math.fma(other.m13 - m13, t, m13))
        ._m20(Math.fma(other.m20 - m20, t, m20))
        ._m21(Math.fma(other.m21 - m21, t, m21))
        ._m22(Math.fma(other.m22 - m22, t, m22))
        ._m23(Math.fma(other.m23 - m23, t, m23))
        ._m30(Math.fma(other.m30 - m30, t, m30))
        ._m31(Math.fma(other.m31 - m31, t, m31))
        ._m32(Math.fma(other.m32 - m32, t, m32))
        ._m33(Math.fma(other.m33 - m33, t, m33))
        ._properties(properties & other.properties);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a model transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns the local <code>+Z</code> axis with <code>direction</code>
     * and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #rotationTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d) rotationTowards()}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>mulAffine(new Matrix4d().lookAt(new Vector3d(), new Vector3d(dir).negate(), up).invertAffine(), dest)</code>
     * 
     * @see #rotateTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double, Matrix4d)
     * @see #rotationTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param direction
     *              the direction to rotate towards
     * @param up
     *              the up vector
     * @param dest
     *              will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateTowards(ref Vector3d direction, Vector3d up, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return rotateTowards(direction.x, direction.y, direction.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, dest);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a model transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns the local <code>+Z</code> axis with <code>direction</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #rotationTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d) rotationTowards()}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>mulAffine(new Matrix4d().lookAt(new Vector3d(), new Vector3d(dir).negate(), up).invertAffine())</code>
     * 
     * @see #rotateTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * @see #rotationTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * 
     * @param direction
     *              the direction to orient towards
     * @param up
     *              the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateTowards(ref Vector3d direction, Vector3d up) return {
        rotateTowards(direction.x, direction.y, direction.z, up.x, up.y, up.z, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a model transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns the local <code>+Z</code> axis with <code>(dirX, dirY, dirZ)</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #rotationTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double) rotationTowards()}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>mulAffine(new Matrix4d().lookAt(0, 0, 0, -dirX, -dirY, -dirZ, upX, upY, upZ).invertAffine())</code>
     * 
     * @see #rotateTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #rotationTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotateTowards(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ, double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        rotateTowards(dirX, dirY, dirZ, upX, upY, upZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply a model transformation to this matrix for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns the local <code>+Z</code> axis with <code>dir</code>
     * and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>L</code> the lookat matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * L</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * L * v</code>,
     * the lookat transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * In order to set the matrix to a rotation transformation without post-multiplying it,
     * use {@link #rotationTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double) rotationTowards()}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>mulAffine(new Matrix4d().lookAt(0, 0, 0, -dirX, -dirY, -dirZ, upX, upY, upZ).invertAffine(), dest)</code>
     * 
     * @see #rotateTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #rotationTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param dest
     *              will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d rotateTowards(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ, double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        double ndirX = dirX * invDirLength;
        double ndirY = dirY * invDirLength;
        double ndirZ = dirZ * invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * ndirZ - upZ * ndirY;
        leftY = upZ * ndirX - upX * ndirZ;
        leftZ = upX * ndirY - upY * ndirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = ndirY * leftZ - ndirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = ndirZ * leftX - ndirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = ndirX * leftY - ndirY * leftX;
        double rm00 = leftX;
        double rm01 = leftY;
        double rm02 = leftZ;
        double rm10 = upnX;
        double rm11 = upnY;
        double rm12 = upnZ;
        double rm20 = ndirX;
        double rm21 = ndirY;
        double rm22 = ndirZ;
        double nm00 = m00 * rm00 + m10 * rm01 + m20 * rm02;
        double nm01 = m01 * rm00 + m11 * rm01 + m21 * rm02;
        double nm02 = m02 * rm00 + m12 * rm01 + m22 * rm02;
        double nm03 = m03 * rm00 + m13 * rm01 + m23 * rm02;
        double nm10 = m00 * rm10 + m10 * rm11 + m20 * rm12;
        double nm11 = m01 * rm10 + m11 * rm11 + m21 * rm12;
        double nm12 = m02 * rm10 + m12 * rm11 + m22 * rm12;
        double nm13 = m03 * rm10 + m13 * rm11 + m23 * rm12;
        dest._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._m20(m00 * rm20 + m10 * rm21 + m20 * rm22)
        ._m21(m01 * rm20 + m11 * rm21 + m21 * rm22)
        ._m22(m02 * rm20 + m12 * rm21 + m22 * rm22)
        ._m23(m03 * rm20 + m13 * rm21 + m23 * rm22)
        ._m00(nm00)
        ._m01(nm01)
        ._m02(nm02)
        ._m03(nm03)
        ._m10(nm10)
        ._m11(nm11)
        ._m12(nm12)
        ._m13(nm13)
        ._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a model transformation for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns the local <code>-z</code> axis with <code>dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the rotation transformation to a previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #rotateTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double) rotateTowards}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>setLookAt(new Vector3d(), new Vector3d(dir).negate(), up).invertAffine()</code>
     * 
     * @see #rotationTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #rotateTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dir
     *              the direction to orient the local -z axis towards
     * @param up
     *              the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationTowards(ref Vector3d dir, Vector3d up) return {
        return rotationTowards(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, up.x, up.y, up.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a model transformation for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that aligns the local <code>-z</code> axis with <code>dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * In order to apply the rotation transformation to a previous existing transformation,
     * use {@link #rotateTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double) rotateTowards}.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>setLookAt(0, 0, 0, -dirX, -dirY, -dirZ, upX, upY, upZ).invertAffine()</code>
     * 
     * @see #rotateTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     * @see #rotationTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d rotationTowards(double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ, double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        double ndirX = dirX * invDirLength;
        double ndirY = dirY * invDirLength;
        double ndirZ = dirZ * invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * ndirZ - upZ * ndirY;
        leftY = upZ * ndirX - upX * ndirZ;
        leftZ = upX * ndirY - upY * ndirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = ndirY * leftZ - ndirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = ndirZ * leftX - ndirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = ndirX * leftY - ndirY * leftX;
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_IDENTITY) == 0)
            this._identity();
        setm00(leftX);
        setm01(leftY);
        setm02(leftZ);
        setm10(upnX);
        setm11(upnY);
        setm12(upnZ);
        setm20(ndirX);
        setm21(ndirY);
        setm22(ndirZ);
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a model transformation for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that translates to the given <code>pos</code> and aligns the local <code>-z</code>
     * axis with <code>dir</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(pos).rotateTowards(dir, up)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(ref Vector3d)
     * @see #rotateTowards(ref Vector3d, Vector3d)
     *
     * @param pos
     *              the position to translate to
     * @param dir
     *              the direction to rotate towards
     * @param up
     *              the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateTowards(ref Vector3d pos, Vector3d dir, Vector3d up) return {
        return translationRotateTowards(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z, dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, up.x, up.y, up.z);
    }

    /**
     * Set this matrix to a model transformation for a right-handed coordinate system, 
     * that translates to the given <code>(posX, posY, posZ)</code> and aligns the local <code>-z</code>
     * axis with <code>(dirX, dirY, dirZ)</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to calling: <code>translation(posX, posY, posZ).rotateTowards(dirX, dirY, dirZ, upX, upY, upZ)</code>
     * 
     * @see #translation(double, double, double)
     * @see #rotateTowards(double, double, double, double, double, double)
     * 
     * @param posX
     *              the x-coordinate of the position to translate to
     * @param posY
     *              the y-coordinate of the position to translate to
     * @param posZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the position to translate to
     * @param dirX
     *              the x-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirY
     *              the y-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param dirZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the direction to rotate towards
     * @param upX
     *              the x-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *              the y-coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *              the z-coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d translationRotateTowards(double posX, double posY, double posZ, double dirX, double dirY, double dirZ, double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        // Normalize direction
        double invDirLength = Math.invsqrt(dirX * dirX + dirY * dirY + dirZ * dirZ);
        double ndirX = dirX * invDirLength;
        double ndirY = dirY * invDirLength;
        double ndirZ = dirZ * invDirLength;
        // left = up x direction
        double leftX, leftY, leftZ;
        leftX = upY * ndirZ - upZ * ndirY;
        leftY = upZ * ndirX - upX * ndirZ;
        leftZ = upX * ndirY - upY * ndirX;
        // normalize left
        double invLeftLength = Math.invsqrt(leftX * leftX + leftY * leftY + leftZ * leftZ);
        leftX *= invLeftLength;
        leftY *= invLeftLength;
        leftZ *= invLeftLength;
        // up = direction x left
        double upnX = ndirY * leftZ - ndirZ * leftY;
        double upnY = ndirZ * leftX - ndirX * leftZ;
        double upnZ = ndirX * leftY - ndirY * leftX;
        setm00(leftX);
        setm01(leftY);
        setm02(leftZ);
        setm03(0.0);
        setm10(upnX);
        setm11(upnY);
        setm12(upnZ);
        setm13(0.0);
        setm20(ndirX);
        setm21(ndirY);
        setm22(ndirZ);
        setm23(0.0);
        setm30(posX);
        setm31(posY);
        setm32(posZ);
        setm33(1.0);
        properties = PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL;
        return this;
    }

    public Vector3d getEulerAnglesZYX(ref Vector3d dest) {
        dest.x = Math.atan2(m12, m22);
        dest.y = Math.atan2(-m02, Math.sqrt(1.0 - m02 * m02));
        dest.z = Math.atan2(m01, m00);
        return dest;
    }

    public Vector3d getEulerAnglesXYZ(ref Vector3d dest) {
        dest.x = Math.atan2(-m21, m22);
        dest.y = Math.atan2(m20, Math.sqrt(1.0 - m20 * m20));
        dest.z = Math.atan2(-m10, m00);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the extents of the coordinate system before this {@link #isAffine() affine} transformation was applied
     * and store the resulting corner coordinates in <code>corner</code> and the span vectors in
     * <code>xDir</code>, <code>yDir</code> and <code>zDir</code>.
     * <p>
     * That means, given the maximum extents of the coordinate system between <code>[-1..+1]</code> in all dimensions,
     * this method returns one corner and the length and direction of the three base axis vectors in the coordinate
     * system before this transformation is applied, which transforms into the corner coordinates <code>[-1, +1]</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method is equivalent to computing at least three adjacent corners using {@link #frustumCorner(int, Vector3d)}
     * and subtracting them to obtain the length and direction of the span vectors.
     * 
     * @param corner
     *          will hold one corner of the span (usually the corner {@link Matrix4d#CORNER_NXNYNZ})
     * @param xDir
     *          will hold the direction and length of the span along the positive X axis
     * @param yDir
     *          will hold the direction and length of the span along the positive Y axis
     * @param zDir
     *          will hold the direction and length of the span along the positive z axis
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d affineSpan(ref Vector3d corner, ref Vector3d xDir, ref Vector3d yDir, ref Vector3d zDir) return {
        double a = m10 * m22, b = m10 * m21, c = m10 * m02, d = m10 * m01;
        double e = m11 * m22, f = m11 * m20, g = m11 * m02, h = m11 * m00;
        double i = m12 * m21, j = m12 * m20, k = m12 * m01, l = m12 * m00;
        double m = m20 * m02, n = m20 * m01, o = m21 * m02, p = m21 * m00;
        double q = m22 * m01, r = m22 * m00;
        double s = 1.0 / (m00 * m11 - m01 * m10) * m22 + (m02 * m10 - m00 * m12) * m21 + (m01 * m12 - m02 * m11) * m20;
        double nm00 = (e - i) * s, nm01 = (o - q) * s, nm02 = (k - g) * s;
        double nm10 = (j - a) * s, nm11 = (r - m) * s, nm12 = (c - l) * s;
        double nm20 = (b - f) * s, nm21 = (n - p) * s, nm22 = (h - d) * s;
        corner.x = -nm00 - nm10 - nm20 + (a * m31 - b * m32 + f * m32 - e * m30 + i * m30 - j * m31) * s;
        corner.y = -nm01 - nm11 - nm21 + (m * m31 - n * m32 + p * m32 - o * m30 + q * m30 - r * m31) * s;
        corner.z = -nm02 - nm12 - nm22 + (g * m30 - k * m30 + l * m31 - c * m31 + d * m32 - h * m32) * s;
        xDir.x = 2.0 * nm00; xDir.y = 2.0 * nm01; xDir.z = 2.0 * nm02;
        yDir.x = 2.0 * nm10; yDir.y = 2.0 * nm11; yDir.z = 2.0 * nm12;
        zDir.x = 2.0 * nm20; zDir.y = 2.0 * nm21; zDir.z = 2.0 * nm22;
        return this;
    }

    public bool testPoint(double x, double y, double z) {
        double nxX = m03 + m00, nxY = m13 + m10, nxZ = m23 + m20, nxW = m33 + m30;
        double pxX = m03 - m00, pxY = m13 - m10, pxZ = m23 - m20, pxW = m33 - m30;
        double nyX = m03 + m01, nyY = m13 + m11, nyZ = m23 + m21, nyW = m33 + m31;
        double pyX = m03 - m01, pyY = m13 - m11, pyZ = m23 - m21, pyW = m33 - m31;
        double nzX = m03 + m02, nzY = m13 + m12, nzZ = m23 + m22, nzW = m33 + m32;
        double pzX = m03 - m02, pzY = m13 - m12, pzZ = m23 - m22, pzW = m33 - m32;
        return nxX * x + nxY * y + nxZ * z + nxW >= 0 && pxX * x + pxY * y + pxZ * z + pxW >= 0 &&
               nyX * x + nyY * y + nyZ * z + nyW >= 0 && pyX * x + pyY * y + pyZ * z + pyW >= 0 &&
               nzX * x + nzY * y + nzZ * z + nzW >= 0 && pzX * x + pzY * y + pzZ * z + pzW >= 0;
    }

    public bool testSphere(double x, double y, double z, double r) {
        double invl;
        double nxX = m03 + m00, nxY = m13 + m10, nxZ = m23 + m20, nxW = m33 + m30;
        invl = Math.invsqrt(nxX * nxX + nxY * nxY + nxZ * nxZ);
        nxX *= invl; nxY *= invl; nxZ *= invl; nxW *= invl;
        double pxX = m03 - m00, pxY = m13 - m10, pxZ = m23 - m20, pxW = m33 - m30;
        invl = Math.invsqrt(pxX * pxX + pxY * pxY + pxZ * pxZ);
        pxX *= invl; pxY *= invl; pxZ *= invl; pxW *= invl;
        double nyX = m03 + m01, nyY = m13 + m11, nyZ = m23 + m21, nyW = m33 + m31;
        invl = Math.invsqrt(nyX * nyX + nyY * nyY + nyZ * nyZ);
        nyX *= invl; nyY *= invl; nyZ *= invl; nyW *= invl;
        double pyX = m03 - m01, pyY = m13 - m11, pyZ = m23 - m21, pyW = m33 - m31;
        invl = Math.invsqrt(pyX * pyX + pyY * pyY + pyZ * pyZ);
        pyX *= invl; pyY *= invl; pyZ *= invl; pyW *= invl;
        double nzX = m03 + m02, nzY = m13 + m12, nzZ = m23 + m22, nzW = m33 + m32;
        invl = Math.invsqrt(nzX * nzX + nzY * nzY + nzZ * nzZ);
        nzX *= invl; nzY *= invl; nzZ *= invl; nzW *= invl;
        double pzX = m03 - m02, pzY = m13 - m12, pzZ = m23 - m22, pzW = m33 - m32;
        invl = Math.invsqrt(pzX * pzX + pzY * pzY + pzZ * pzZ);
        pzX *= invl; pzY *= invl; pzZ *= invl; pzW *= invl;
        return nxX * x + nxY * y + nxZ * z + nxW >= -r && pxX * x + pxY * y + pxZ * z + pxW >= -r &&
               nyX * x + nyY * y + nyZ * z + nyW >= -r && pyX * x + pyY * y + pyZ * z + pyW >= -r &&
               nzX * x + nzY * y + nzZ * z + nzW >= -r && pzX * x + pzY * y + pzZ * z + pzW >= -r;
    }

    public bool testAab(double minX, double minY, double minZ, double maxX, double maxY, double maxZ) {
        double nxX = m03 + m00, nxY = m13 + m10, nxZ = m23 + m20, nxW = m33 + m30;
        double pxX = m03 - m00, pxY = m13 - m10, pxZ = m23 - m20, pxW = m33 - m30;
        double nyX = m03 + m01, nyY = m13 + m11, nyZ = m23 + m21, nyW = m33 + m31;
        double pyX = m03 - m01, pyY = m13 - m11, pyZ = m23 - m21, pyW = m33 - m31;
        double nzX = m03 + m02, nzY = m13 + m12, nzZ = m23 + m22, nzW = m33 + m32;
        double pzX = m03 - m02, pzY = m13 - m12, pzZ = m23 - m22, pzW = m33 - m32;
        /*
         * This is an implementation of the "2.4 Basic intersection test" of the mentioned site.
         * It does not distinguish between partially inside and fully inside, though, so the test with the 'p' vertex is omitted.
         */
        return nxX * (nxX < 0 ? minX : maxX) + nxY * (nxY < 0 ? minY : maxY) + nxZ * (nxZ < 0 ? minZ : maxZ) >= -nxW &&
               pxX * (pxX < 0 ? minX : maxX) + pxY * (pxY < 0 ? minY : maxY) + pxZ * (pxZ < 0 ? minZ : maxZ) >= -pxW &&
               nyX * (nyX < 0 ? minX : maxX) + nyY * (nyY < 0 ? minY : maxY) + nyZ * (nyZ < 0 ? minZ : maxZ) >= -nyW &&
               pyX * (pyX < 0 ? minX : maxX) + pyY * (pyY < 0 ? minY : maxY) + pyZ * (pyZ < 0 ? minZ : maxZ) >= -pyW &&
               nzX * (nzX < 0 ? minX : maxX) + nzY * (nzY < 0 ? minY : maxY) + nzZ * (nzZ < 0 ? minZ : maxZ) >= -nzW &&
               pzX * (pzX < 0 ? minX : maxX) + pzY * (pzY < 0 ? minY : maxY) + pzZ * (pzZ < 0 ? minZ : maxZ) >= -pzW;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an oblique projection transformation to this matrix with the given values for <code>a</code> and
     * <code>b</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the oblique transformation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * oblique transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * The oblique transformation is defined as:
     * <pre>
     * x' = x + a*z
     * y' = y + a*z
     * z' = z
     * </pre>
     * or in matrix form:
     * <pre>
     * 1 0 a 0
     * 0 1 b 0
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @param a
     *            the value for the z factor that applies to x
     * @param b
     *            the value for the z factor that applies to y
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d obliqueZ(double a, double b) return {
        setm20(m00 * a + m10 * b + m20);
        setm21(m01 * a + m11 * b + m21);
        setm22(m02 * a + m12 * b + m22);
        this.properties &= PROPERTY_AFFINE;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Apply an oblique projection transformation to this matrix with the given values for <code>a</code> and
     * <code>b</code> and store the result in <code>dest</code>.
     * <p>
     * If <code>M</code> is <code>this</code> matrix and <code>O</code> the oblique transformation matrix,
     * then the new matrix will be <code>M * O</code>. So when transforming a
     * vector <code>v</code> with the new matrix by using <code>M * O * v</code>, the
     * oblique transformation will be applied first!
     * <p>
     * The oblique transformation is defined as:
     * <pre>
     * x' = x + a*z
     * y' = y + a*z
     * z' = z
     * </pre>
     * or in matrix form:
     * <pre>
     * 1 0 a 0
     * 0 1 b 0
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @param a
     *            the value for the z factor that applies to x
     * @param b
     *            the value for the z factor that applies to y
     * @param dest
     *            will hold the result
     * @return dest
     */
    public Matrix4d obliqueZ(double a, double b, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        dest._m00(m00)
        ._m01(m01)
        ._m02(m02)
        ._m03(m03)
        ._m10(m10)
        ._m11(m11)
        ._m12(m12)
        ._m13(m13)
        ._m20(m00 * a + m10 * b + m20)
        ._m21(m01 * a + m11 * b + m21)
        ._m22(m02 * a + m12 * b + m22)
        ._m23(m23)
        ._m30(m30)
        ._m31(m31)
        ._m32(m32)
        ._m33(m33)
        ._properties(properties & PROPERTY_AFFINE);
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Create a view and projection matrix from a given <code>eye</code> position, a given bottom left corner position <code>p</code> of the near plane rectangle
     * and the extents of the near plane rectangle along its local <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> axes, and store the resulting matrices
     * in <code>projDest</code> and <code>viewDest</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method creates a view and perspective projection matrix assuming that there is a pinhole camera at position <code>eye</code>
     * projecting the scene onto the near plane defined by the rectangle.
     * <p>
     * All positions and lengths are in the same (world) unit.
     * 
     * @param eye
     *          the position of the camera
     * @param p
     *          the bottom left corner of the near plane rectangle (will map to the bottom left corner in window coordinates)
     * @param x
     *          the direction and length of the local "bottom/top" X axis/side of the near plane rectangle
     * @param y
     *          the direction and length of the local "left/right" Y axis/side of the near plane rectangle
     * @param nearFarDist
     *          the distance between the far and near plane (the near plane will be calculated by this method).
     *          If the special value {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} is used, the far clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *          If the special value {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} is used, the near and far planes will be swapped and 
     *          the near clipping plane will be at positive infinity.
     *          If a negative value is used (except for {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY}) the near and far planes will be swapped
     * @param zeroToOne
     *          whether to use Vulkan's and Direct3D's NDC z range of <code>[0..+1]</code> when <code>true</code>
     *          or whether to use OpenGL's NDC z range of <code>[-1..+1]</code> when <code>false</code>
     * @param projDest
     *          will hold the resulting projection matrix
     * @param viewDest
     *          will hold the resulting view matrix
     */
    public static void projViewFromRectangle(
            Vector3d eye, Vector3d p, Vector3d x, Vector3d y, double nearFarDist, bool zeroToOne,
            ref Matrix4d projDest, ref Matrix4d viewDest) {
        double zx = y.y * x.z - y.z * x.y, zy = y.z * x.x - y.x * x.z, zz = y.x * x.y - y.y * x.x;
        double zd = zx * (p.x - eye.x) + zy * (p.y - eye.y) + zz * (p.z - eye.z);
        double zs = zd >= 0 ? 1 : -1; zx *= zs; zy *= zs; zz *= zs; zd *= zs; 
        viewDest.setLookAt(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z, eye.x + zx, eye.y + zy, eye.z + zz, y.x, y.y, y.z);
        double px = viewDest.m00 * p.x + viewDest.m10 * p.y + viewDest.m20 * p.z + viewDest.m30;
        double py = viewDest.m01 * p.x + viewDest.m11 * p.y + viewDest.m21 * p.z + viewDest.m31;
        double tx = viewDest.m00 * x.x + viewDest.m10 * x.y + viewDest.m20 * x.z;
        double ty = viewDest.m01 * y.x + viewDest.m11 * y.y + viewDest.m21 * y.z;
        double len = Math.sqrt(zx * zx + zy * zy + zz * zz);
        double near = zd / len, far;
        if (Math.isInfinite(nearFarDist) && nearFarDist < 0.0) {
            far = near;
            near = double.infinity;
        } else if (Math.isInfinite(nearFarDist) && nearFarDist > 0.0) {
            far = double.infinity;
        } else if (nearFarDist < 0.0) {
            far = near;
            near = near + nearFarDist;
        } else {
            far = near + nearFarDist;
        }
        projDest.setFrustum(px, px + tx, py, py + ty, near, far, zeroToOne);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a transformation to this matrix to ensure that the local Y axis (as obtained by {@link #positiveY(ref Vector3d)})
     * will be coplanar to the plane spanned by the local Z axis (as obtained by {@link #positiveZ(ref Vector3d)}) and the
     * given vector <code>up</code>.
     * <p>
     * This effectively ensures that the resulting matrix will be equal to the one obtained from 
     * {@link #setLookAt(ref Vector3d, Vector3d, Vector3d)} called with the current 
     * local origin of this matrix (as obtained by {@link #originAffine(ref Vector3d)}), the sum of this position and the 
     * negated local Z axis as well as the given vector <code>up</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method must only be called on {@link #isAffine()} matrices.
     * 
     * @param up
     *            the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d withLookAtUp(ref Vector3d up) return {
        withLookAtUp(up.x, up.y, up.z, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d withLookAtUp(ref Vector3d up, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest.withLookAtUp(up.x, up.y, up.z);
    }

    /**
     * Apply a transformation to this matrix to ensure that the local Y axis (as obtained by {@link #positiveY(ref Vector3d)})
     * will be coplanar to the plane spanned by the local Z axis (as obtained by {@link #positiveZ(ref Vector3d)}) and the
     * given vector <code>(upX, upY, upZ)</code>.
     * <p>
     * This effectively ensures that the resulting matrix will be equal to the one obtained from 
     * {@link #setLookAt(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)} called with the current 
     * local origin of this matrix (as obtained by {@link #originAffine(ref Vector3d)}), the sum of this position and the 
     * negated local Z axis as well as the given vector <code>(upX, upY, upZ)</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method must only be called on {@link #isAffine()} matrices.
     * 
     * @param upX
     *            the x coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upY
     *            the y coordinate of the up vector
     * @param upZ
     *            the z coordinate of the up vector
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d withLookAtUp(double upX, double upY, double upZ) return {
        withLookAtUp(upX, upY, upZ, this);
        return this;
    }

    public Matrix4d withLookAtUp(double upX, double upY, double upZ, ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double y = (upY * m21 - upZ * m11) * m02 +
                   (upZ * m01 - upX * m21) * m12 +
                   (upX * m11 - upY * m01) * m22;
        double x = upX * m01 + upY * m11 + upZ * m21;
        if ((properties & PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL) == 0)
            x *= Math.sqrt(m01 * m01 + m11 * m11 + m21 * m21);
        double invsqrt = Math.invsqrt(y * y + x * x);
        double c = x * invsqrt, s = y * invsqrt;
        double nm00 = c * m00 - s * m01, nm10 = c * m10 - s * m11, nm20 = c * m20 - s * m21, nm31 = s * m30 + c * m31;
        double nm01 = s * m00 + c * m01, nm11 = s * m10 + c * m11, nm21 = s * m20 + c * m21, nm30 = c * m30 - s * m31;
        dest._m00(nm00)._m10(nm10)._m20(nm20)._m30(nm30)
        ._m01(nm01)._m11(nm11)._m21(nm21)._m31(nm31);
        if (dest != this) {
            dest
            ._m02(m02)._m12(m12)._m22(m22)._m32(m32)
            ._m03(m03)._m13(m13)._m23(m23)._m33(m33);
        }
        dest._properties(properties & ~(PROPERTY_PERSPECTIVE | PROPERTY_IDENTITY | PROPERTY_TRANSLATION));
        return dest;
    }

    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1 0 0 0
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 0 1 0 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapXZY() return {
        mapXZY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapXZY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1 0  0 0
     * 0 0 -1 0
     * 0 1  0 0
     * 0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapXZnY() return {
        mapXZnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapXZnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1  0  0 0
     * 0 -1  0 0
     * 0  0 -1 0
     * 0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapXnYnZ() return {
        mapXnYnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapXnYnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1  0 0 0
     * 0  0 1 0
     * 0 -1 0 0
     * 0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapXnZY() return {
        mapXnZY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapXnZY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1  0  0 0
     * 0  0 -1 0
     * 0 -1  0 0
     * 0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapXnZnY() return {
        mapXnZnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapXnZnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 1 0 0
     * 1 0 0 0
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYXZ() return {
        mapYXZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYXZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 1  0 0
     * 1 0  0 0
     * 0 0 -1 0
     * 0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYXnZ() return {
        mapYXnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYXnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 1 0 0 0
     * 0 1 0 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYZX() return {
        mapYZX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYZX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 0 -1 0
     * 1 0  0 0
     * 0 1  0 0
     * 0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYZnX() return {
        mapYZnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYZnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 -1 0 0
     * 1  0 0 0
     * 0  0 1 0
     * 0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYnXZ() return {
        mapYnXZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYnXZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 -1  0 0
     * 1  0  0 0
     * 0  0 -1 0
     * 0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYnXnZ() return {
        mapYnXnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYnXnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0  0 1 0
     * 1  0 0 0
     * 0 -1 0 0
     * 0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYnZX() return {
        mapYnZX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYnZX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0  0 -1 0
     * 1  0  0 0
     * 0 -1  0 0
     * 0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapYnZnX() return {
        mapYnZnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapYnZnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m10)._m01(m11)._m02(m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 1 0 0
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 1 0 0 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZXY() return {
        mapZXY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZXY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 1  0 0
     * 0 0 -1 0
     * 1 0  0 0
     * 0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZXnY() return {
        mapZXnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZXnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 0 1 0
     * 0 1 0 0
     * 1 0 0 0
     * 0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZYX() return {
        mapZYX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZYX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 0 -1 0
     * 0 1  0 0
     * 1 0  0 0
     * 0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZYnX() return {
        mapZYnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZYnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 -1 0 0
     * 0  0 1 0
     * 1  0 0 0
     * 0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZnXY() return {
        mapZnXY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZnXY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0 -1  0 0
     * 0  0 -1 0
     * 1  0  0 0
     * 0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZnXnY() return {
        mapZnXnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZnXnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0  0 1 0
     * 0 -1 0 0
     * 1  0 0 0
     * 0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZnYX() return {
        mapZnYX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZnYX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 0  0 -1 0
     * 0 -1  0 0
     * 1  0  0 0
     * 0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapZnYnX() return {
        mapZnYnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapZnYnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(m20)._m01(m21)._m02(m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1 0  0 0
     *  0 1  0 0
     *  0 0 -1 0
     *  0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXYnZ() return {
        mapnXYnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXYnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1 0 0 0
     *  0 0 1 0
     *  0 1 0 0
     *  0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXZY() return {
        mapnXZY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXZY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1 0  0 0
     *  0 0 -1 0
     *  0 1  0 0
     *  0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXZnY() return {
        mapnXZnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXZnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1  0 0 0
     *  0 -1 0 0
     *  0  0 1 0
     *  0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXnYZ() return {
        mapnXnYZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXnYZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1  0  0 0
     *  0 -1  0 0
     *  0  0 -1 0
     *  0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXnYnZ() return {
        mapnXnYnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXnYnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1  0 0 0
     *  0  0 1 0
     *  0 -1 0 0
     *  0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXnZY() return {
        mapnXnZY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXnZY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1  0  0 0
     *  0  0 -1 0
     *  0 -1  0 0
     *  0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnXnZnY() return {
        mapnXnZnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnXnZnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 1 0 0
     * -1 0 0 0
     *  0 0 1 0
     *  0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYXZ() return {
        mapnYXZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYXZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 1  0 0
     * -1 0  0 0
     *  0 0 -1 0
     *  0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYXnZ() return {
        mapnYXnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYXnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 0 1 0
     * -1 0 0 0
     *  0 1 0 0
     *  0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYZX() return {
        mapnYZX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYZX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 0 -1 0
     * -1 0  0 0
     *  0 1  0 0
     *  0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYZnX() return {
        mapnYZnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYZnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(m20)._m11(m21)._m12(m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 -1 0 0
     * -1  0 0 0
     *  0  0 1 0
     *  0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYnXZ() return {
        mapnYnXZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYnXZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 -1  0 0
     * -1  0  0 0
     *  0  0 -1 0
     *  0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYnXnZ() return {
        mapnYnXnZ(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYnXnZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0  0 1 0
     * -1  0 0 0
     *  0 -1 0 0
     *  0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYnZX() return {
        mapnYnZX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYnZX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0  0 -1 0
     * -1  0  0 0
     *  0 -1  0 0
     *  0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnYnZnX() return {
        mapnYnZnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnYnZnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m10)._m01(-m11)._m02(-m12)._m03(m03)._m10(-m20)._m11(-m21)._m12(-m22)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 1 0 0
     *  0 0 1 0
     * -1 0 0 0
     *  0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZXY() return {
        mapnZXY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZXY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 1  0 0
     *  0 0 -1 0
     * -1 0  0 0
     *  0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZXnY() return {
        mapnZXnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZXnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m00)._m11(m01)._m12(m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 0 1 0
     *  0 1 0 0
     * -1 0 0 0
     *  0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZYX() return {
        mapnZYX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZYX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 0 -1 0
     *  0 1  0 0
     * -1 0  0 0
     *  0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZYnX() return {
        mapnZYnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZYnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 -1 0 0
     *  0  0 1 0
     * -1  0 0 0
     *  0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZnXY() return {
        mapnZnXY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZnXY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(m10)._m21(m11)._m22(m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0 -1  0 0
     *  0  0 -1 0
     * -1  0  0 0
     *  0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZnXnY() return {
        mapnZnXnY(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZnXnY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        double m10 = this.m10, m11 = this.m11, m12 = this.m12;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m00)._m11(-m01)._m12(-m02)._m13(m13)._m20(-m10)._m21(-m11)._m22(-m12)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0  0 1 0
     *  0 -1 0 0
     * -1  0 0 0
     *  0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZnYX() return {
        mapnZnYX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZnYX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m00)._m21(m01)._m22(m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     *  0  0 -1 0
     *  0 -1  0 0
     * -1  0  0 0
     *  0  0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d mapnZnYnX() return {
        mapnZnYnX(this);
        return this;
    }
    public Matrix4d mapnZnYnX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        double m00 = this.m00, m01 = this.m01, m02 = this.m02;
        return dest._m00(-m20)._m01(-m21)._m02(-m22)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m00)._m21(-m01)._m22(-m02)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * -1 0 0 0
     *  0 1 0 0
     *  0 0 1 0
     *  0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d negateX() return {
        return _m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    public Matrix4d negateX(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(-m00)._m01(-m01)._m02(-m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1  0 0 0
     * 0 -1 0 0
     * 0  0 1 0
     * 0  0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d negateY() return {
        return _m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    public Matrix4d negateY(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(-m10)._m11(-m11)._m12(-m12)._m13(m13)._m20(m20)._m21(m21)._m22(m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    /**
     * Multiply <code>this</code> by the matrix
     * <pre>
     * 1 0  0 0
     * 0 1  0 0
     * 0 0 -1 0
     * 0 0  0 1
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return this
     */
    ref public Matrix4d negateZ() return {
        return _m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }
    public Matrix4d negateZ(ref Matrix4d dest) {
        return dest._m00(m00)._m01(m01)._m02(m02)._m03(m03)._m10(m10)._m11(m11)._m12(m12)._m13(m13)._m20(-m20)._m21(-m21)._m22(-m22)._m23(m23)._m30(m30)._m31(m31)._m32(m32)._m33(m33)._properties(properties & (PROPERTY_AFFINE | PROPERTY_ORTHONORMAL));
    }

    public bool isFinite() {
        return Math.isFinite(m00) && Math.isFinite(m01) && Math.isFinite(m02) && Math.isFinite(m03) &&
               Math.isFinite(m10) && Math.isFinite(m11) && Math.isFinite(m12) && Math.isFinite(m13) &&
               Math.isFinite(m20) && Math.isFinite(m21) && Math.isFinite(m22) && Math.isFinite(m23) &&
               Math.isFinite(m30) && Math.isFinite(m31) && Math.isFinite(m32) && Math.isFinite(m33);
    }

}